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- 1when was the treaty of versailles signed?28 June 1919
- 2when was the armistice signed?11 November 1918
- 3what was the armistice?ceasefire between allies and Germany on the western front to allow for peace negotiations
- 4who were the key people in the establishment of the treaty?US president Woodrow Wilson
French premier Georges Clemenceau
British prime minister David Lloyd George - 5Conditions of the treaty - blameGermany were expected to accept responsibility - War Guilt Clause article 231
WGC was the catalyst for the stab in the back myth - 6conditions of the treaty - reparations6.6 billion euros to be payed in annual instalments
met the first instalment but failed to meet the second - 7what did the French do when Germany could not meet the second reparations payment?France seized Ruhr in 1923, one the industrial capitals of Germany and kept the germans living there, though they refused to continue their work
France needed to get money to pay the US back for the war loans - 8Condition of treaty - armed forcesarmy limited to 100,000 soldiers
navy reduced to 15,000 with 6 battleships and no submarines
Air Force disbanded
rhineland demilitarised - 9conditions of treaty - territorial loss13% Germany's land lost
Alsace-loraine returned to France
west Prussia and Posen (polish corridor) to Poland
lguim - 10what land taken by treaty was part of a plebisciteEupen and malmedy to belguim
northern Schleswig to Denmark
part of upper Silesia to Poland - 11what treaty lost land was taken by the League of Nationsdanzig and memel (memel then taken by Lithuania 1923)
saarland for 15 years until plebiscite to determine future - 12how did germany react to the treatyinitially refused to sign
allies declared if they refuse to sign war would continue which germany could not afford
Weimar Republic was formed that agreed to sign - 13stab in the back mythgermans believed they did not really lose the war
Ludendorff encouraged this and said army would've kept fighting if it wasn't for a weak politicians and communist revolutionaries demanding peace - 14how did germans make the Weimar Republic their scapegoat?new government were labelled the November criminals
called the treaty a Diktat
germans didn't know chancellor schiedemann resigned 19 June 1919 in disgust - 15when was Wilhelm made kaiser?1888 after the death of his father
- 16what was kaiser Wilhelm like?intelligent, well-informed, charismatic, cruel and subjectively funny sense of humour, unpredictable, rude, unfocused
- 17what were kaiser Wilhelm's goals?military obsessed - overpower GB
-build and lead a strong army - 18what were others opinions on Kaiser Wilhelm?leaders of other countries were worried about his military obsession in conjunction with his unpredictability
he was described as a dictator with complete power who lacks steadiness - 19when was kaiser's abdication?9 November 1918
- 20why did kaiser abdicate?preserve order:
kiel mutiny
German revolution - 21what was the Kiel mutiny?provoked the German revolution
major revolt by German sailors from the High seas fleet who refused orders for a final suicide mission against the British Royal Navy - 22when was the Kiel mutiny?3 November 1918
- 23how was Germany politically weak after ww1?kaiser abdicated and reichstag left to restore order to government
the new weimar government became the scapegoat for the citizens - 24how was Germany economically weak after ww1?farming and trade disrupted by naval blockade
Germany wasn't producing enough food
750,000 germans died from hunger and disease - 25what was the naval blockade?1914-1919
allied powers to stop good supplies to central powers - 26how was germany socially weak after ww1?country notoriously patriotic - proud
looking for scapegoat
revolution, mutinies, putsches, riots, etc. - 27Freiskorpsmen who could not join the army joined group called Freiskorps - different denominations throughout germany
allies worried and put pressure on Ebert to disband them - 28kapp putschmarch 1920
Wolfgang Kapp led group to seize Berlin with a politician from Berlin against Ebert and Treaty
kapp would be chancellor - 29when did kapp successfully seize Berlin?13 march 1920
- 30how did ebert try to stop freiskorps?could not rely on his 100,000 man army
persuaded people of Berlin to not support and go on strike
stopped putsch to an extent as they could not run or do anything - 31Freiskorps and communists in Ruhrcommunist uprising in Ruhr
Ebert's army get involved and brutally put down rebellion
hundreds killed, including 2 weimar ministers - 32who replaced kaiser?Ebert
- 33what did ebert order after Germany's surrender?a shorter working day
help for the unemployed
better housing
more food supplies - 34what did ebert promise?freedom of speech
freedom of religion
arranged elections - 35weaknesses of weimar governmentpresident had overall power - could make himself a dictator
outlining each individual right allowed for rise in minority voices which made it difficult to form a majority
states could turn hostile and try to overthrow - 36how did the weimar republic start?Ebert held the first election in February 1919
His SPD party won
Ebert and newly elected politicians met in southern German town Weimar to discuss the best way to govern - 37when were the first democratic elections?11 February 1919
- 38what position did Ebert win?president
- 39German constitution-everyone had equal rights
-right to vote
-women over 20 yrs could vote - 40why was proportional representation bad?up to 20 different political parties had seats/voices
difficult to reach majority
from 1919-33 no party ever one over the half the seats - 41why were coalitions present?with no majority, the leading party had to make deals with smaller parties in order to reach a majority decision
this makes the decision making process very small - 42what is proportional representation?the number of politicians each political party had in the reichstag was based on the number of votes they had
eg. if a party won 10% of the votes they won 10% of the seats - 43positives of weimar constitutionall germans had equal rights
proportional representation made sure seat allocation was fair
a strong president necessary to keep control
each state had own traditions and could keep control over own affairs - 44who supported the communist party (KPD)?working class
anti-republic - 45KPD policiesEXTREME LEFT
thought germany should be a communist country and run by workers councils not parliament - 46who supported social Democratic Party (SPD)?mostly working class
Pro-republic (Ebert was leader) - 47SPD policiesLEFT
believed everyone was equal
wanted democracy and reforms to help ordinary working class germans - 48who supported German democratic party (DDP)middle class (lawyers, writers, etc)
pro-republic - 49DDP policiesSLIGHT LEFT
believed in individual freedom
-right to hold peaceful meetings, form societies, freedom of speech, etc. - 50who supported centre party (zentrium)catholics from all classes
pro-republic - 51zentrium policiesMIDDLE
supported interests and beliefs of Catholic Church - 52who supported peoples party (DVP)middle class - mainly business men
pro-republic but would like to return to kaiser ruling eventually - 53DVP policiesSLIGHT RIGHT
supporters of any policies that promoted trade and industry - anything that made them money - 54national people's party (DNVP)RIGHT
middle and upper class, some ex-soldiers
anti-republic - 55DNVP policieswanted strong government, maybe led by strong politician or kaiser
- 56Nationalist socialist German workers (NAZI)EXTREME RIGHT
unemployed, mainly ex-soldiers
some middle and upper class who feared communists - 57NAZI policieswanted Germany to be supreme nation
hated democracy and wanted strong government led by one man
hated communism
believed in uni-race society
wanted germany to be great military power again - 58how long is president in powerelected every 7 years
- 59what is the president controlling?Air Force, army and navy
- 60role of presidentstayed out of the day to day running of country
in a crisis, would rule on his own without support of Reichstag according to emergency powers known as article 48 - 61how was chancellor selected?chosen by president
usually from party with the most votes - 62role of chancellorrun day to day of country
law and order
taxation
school
health care, etc. - 63how can chancellor pass new laws?must have support of at least half the politicians in the reichstag
- 64role of the reichstagintroduce new law
- 65how often are reichstag members elected?every 4 years
- 66who are the electorateall men and women over 20 can vote
guaranteed by constitution basic rights - 67who can the electorate elect?president and politicians in reichstag
- 68occupation of Ruhrwhen Germany could not keep up with reparations, French saw fit to seize land and raw materials such as coal
- 69how did germany respond to French in occupation of Ruhr?responded with passive resistance - refusing to work or interact with the French
passive resistance made germany even poorer - germany was losing everything Ruhr would normally produce - 70why did germany print a surplus of money?government did not have enough money to pay reparations in 1922
did not have the funds to compensate for the loss of Ruhr so they printed more money - 71what is hyperinflation?when a country prints money it doesn't have, the value of it goes down and prices go up
weimar government blamed as they agreed to pay reparations
worse in November 1923 - 72who was affected most by hyperinflation?pensioners who had saved their whole life lost their money's value
wage-earners found they could not sustain the life style enforced by hyperinflation - 73elderly and hyperinflationold people living on a fixed pensions or who lived on the savings found these were now valueless
- 74workers and hyperinflationrelatively unaffected - paid more and more and unemployment benefits increased swell
- 75debts and hyperinflationpeople in debt could pay back for a fraction of the real cost
- 76rich and hyperinflationthose with money and land were protected
rich businessman - took advantage of vulnerable small businesses going bankrupt (inflation became so rapid many lost their jobs due to redundant trade markets) - 77who was the worst affected group by hyperinflationthe middle class who saw businesses and savings destroyed
- 78when was the Munich putsch?8 November 1923
- 79hitlers role in the Munich putschled Nazi Party into Berlin where 3 leaders of Bavarian government were meeting a large beer hall
- 80Munich putsch600 storm troopers waited outside while hitler held a gun at the head of one of the leaders and demanded all 3 tell the audience they would help him with his plan
- 81what was general Ludendorff's role in the MP?entered the beer hall and announced his support for hitler
this convinced audience to support hitler - 82role of the storm troopers during the MPled by Ernst rohm, ST's were taking control of government offices and arresting officials
- 83when did the MP go wrong?9 November 1923
- 84why did the MP go wrong?3 bavarian leaders went back on their word of support and ordered the army to attack rohm and the nazis
hitler and Ludendorff went with 2000 troopers to save rohm and marched towards Munich - 85toll on the nazis during the MPin a narrow street met with armed forces in Munich
16 nazis died
hitler's shoulder dislocated
Ludendorff uninjured
hitler and Ludendorff arrested and charged with treason later that day
putsch was over - 86how did hitler join the naziscame across the German workers union in 1920 and agreed with their anti-communist ideologies
- 87when was the GWU renamed to NAZI1920
- 88what were the main points of the 25 point nazi programme-union of all germans to form a greater Germany
-getting rid of the treaty
-citizenship of the state to only be awarded to someone of German blood - no jews
-all newspaper editors and contributors to be German, any non-german require permission from government - 89how did the Great Depression effect germany?US recalled loans which were the lifeblood of German industry
businesses had to close
world trade diminished, German exports slumped - million unemployed - 90who was effected by the Great Depression?businessmen - less money to spend meant less money going into the economy which meant less money to give out
young people - in 1933 60% 16-30 yrs could not get a job
farmers - prices falling since 1925 and now slipping further into debt
factory workers - 40% all factory works unemployed by 1932 - 91when did the government cut unemployment benefits?1932
- 92how did the GD weaken the weimar government?unpopular economic policies - raised taxes, cut wages and reduced unemployment
presidential role - these policies also caused collapse of government because SDP withdrew from coalition - chancellor employed presidential decree
rise of extremism - said they could solve Germany's problems with communism - saw increase in political violence from nazis and communists - 93how did hitler become chancellor?hitler was rejected for 3 different men before they were proven incompetent and hitler was invited to be chancellor 1933
general von Schleicher stopped supporting von paper and after a power struggle they awarded power to hitler - 94when did hitler become chancellor?30 January 1933
- 95hitlers rise to power 1933took advantage of the Great Depression, promised 'work and bread', promised restored profits, well-spoken and prominent propaganda made hitler a 'superman', weakness in other political parties such as the SDP (fought each other about nazis instead of actually fighting them)
- 96how did hitler become fuhrerdeath president Hindenburg 1934 allowed hitler to announce himself joint president and chancellor giving himself complete power and the leeway to established a dictatorship
- 97when was the night of long knives?29 June 1934
- 98what happened on the night of long knives?hitler called a meeting of nazi leaders. tried to convince outsiders Rohm was organising a coup and needed to act. hitler arrested and executed around 200 nazi leaders and other opponents (like ex-chancellor von schleicher)
- 99how did hitler control people?hitler used propaganda and censorship,
stripped people of the rights provided in the weimar government constitution which hitler indefinitely suspended - 100nazi censorshipshut down anti-nazi newspapers
made it illegal to criticise nazis
burning books nazis considered un-german
taught nazi ideology - 101nazi propagandaglorified hitler by putting him on postcards
organising rallies
broadcasting radios and television - 102women in nazi germanymain role to marry, procreate and parent
hitler had traditionalist views
did not believe they were equipped to survive the turmoil of the workforce
newly married couples were given a financial incentive for children - "baby bonus" - 103how were women supposed to look in germany?blonde, heavy hipped and athletic in feminine clothing and no makeup
- 104behaviour of womenno smoking
- 105women and childrenexpected to bring children up to love and worship hitler and join hitler youth
- 106women and work15% teachers, all women doctors and civil servants were fired
- 107hitler youthscontrolled youth camps, education and families
- 108hitler youth campsboys - military preparations (physical training), oath to loyalty, after passing a special physical test young boys gets to wear a knife, shown jew slander such as movies
girls - considered not as important as they were not preparing for military - 109nazi curriculumtaught the treaty was villainous, the history of the nazi uprising and caused 15% of time on physical ed.
boxing compulsory for boys
German land - stolen and not
girls - taught domestic science and eugenics so they knew how to select the ideal qualities in a partner - 110hitlers economic policiesin a strong economy:
export more than import
reduce unemployment
government spending more wisely
invest money into industry
wide range of industry and not reliant on one sector - 111unemployment 19336 million
- 112aims of economic reformreduce unemployment
rearm military
make economy self-sufficient to survive any future blockades - 113why did hitler fear inferior racesbelieved aryans were superior in intelligence, strength , etc
- 114hitlers perceived problemsdivision of class, religion and political belief
aryan race contaminated by mixing with other races
answer:
welcome nazism and be aryan - 115sterilisation lawJuly 1933
sterilise people with chronic illness and defects (al coho simple-minded)
between 1934-45 320000 men and women completely sterilised - 116concentration camps1936
work-shy, sterilised, prostitutes, homosexuals and juvenile delinquents sent
1938 round up 11000 of them and gypsies - 117euthanasia campaign1939
secretly began to exterminate mentally ill
6000 handicapped babies, children and teens murdered by starvation or lethal injection
advanced to carbon monoxide gas - gas chambers
72000 killed
believed to spare food and money and hospital beds - 118when did hitler become president2 august 1934
- 119who opposed nazism 1933-39banned political parties such as the SPD and KPD distributed propaganda and aided people fleeing the country
church opposed euthanasia regime
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- FlashCards sobre Sem título, criado por eliza gleeson em 21-07-2022.
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- eliza gleeson · jul 2022
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