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- 1Glucose:Glucose: aka dextrose, 6 carbons, aldose (aldehyde functional group)
- Main energy source (broken down to CO2 & H2O, releasing ATP)
- Used to produce other monosaccharides (fructose, galactose, ribose)
- Clinical: High blood glucose in diabetics, reduced to sorbitol in eyes causing cataracts, glucose excreted in urine in diabetics
- α-Glucosidase inhibitors slow the production of glucose from dietary carbohydrates (reduce spike after meal). No effect on lactose digestion (disaccharide lactose contains a β-glycosidic bond, not an α-glycosidic bond). - 2Fructose:6 carbons, keto sugar (ketone functional group)
- Component of sucrose
- Present in semen and the sperm cells use fructose as the energy source for their metabolism
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- Clinical: Hereditary fructose intolerance (genetic aldolase-B deficiency, part of newborn screening panel) presents as hypoglycemia (seizures) and vomiting after meals in baby who weaned from breastfeeding - 3Galactose6 carbons, aldose sugar
- Component of lactose
- Clinical: Classic galactosemia (autosomal recessive deficiency of GALT enzyme), presents in infancy, first few days, vomiting/diarrhea after breastfeeding, lactic acidosis, ketosis, liver failure, jaundice, hepatomegaly, failure to thrive, cataracts if untreated (galactose -> galactitol in eyes) - 4Ribose5 carbons, also modified todeoxyribose
- Component of nucleotides (RNA, DNA) - 5Glyceraldehyde and Dihydroxyacetone.3 carbons, glycolysis intermediate All of the above are sourced from diet.
- 6Maltose: aka malt sugar,Maltose: aka malt sugar, 2 glucose units with α (1→4) linkage
- Present in malt and also formed when starch/glycogen undergo partial hydrolysis - 7Isomaltose:2 glucose residues with α (1→6) linkage
- Formed when starch/glycogen undergo partial hydrolysis - 8Sucroseaka cane sugar / table sugar, made of glucose and fructose - Found in sugar cane, sugar beet, pineapple, carrot roots
- 9Lactose:aka milk sugar, made of glucose and galactose - Found milk/dairy (clinical: lactose intolerance)
- 10Starchcomponents are amylose (unbranched α 1→4 glucose) and amylopectin (α 1→4 glucose with α 1→6 branches)
- Source of dietary glucose, broken down during digestion
- Storage form of carbohydrate in plants
Cellulose: glucose linked by β 1→4 glycosidic bonds - 11Celluloseglucose linked by β 1→4 glycosidic bonds
- 12Glycogenhighly branched α 1→4 glucose with α 1→6 at branching points
- Storage form of carbohydrate in animals, broken down during digestion 5
- Stored in kidney, liver (blood glucose regulation), muscle (energy for contraction)
- Clinical: glycogen storage diseases (Von Gierke, Pompe, Herss - 13GlycosaminoglycansrslfateHui
- 14Fatty Acids: have a methyl group, an acidic group and a hydrocarbon chainStructure:
- Divided into categories by length
o Short chain FA (SCFA): up to 6 carbon atoms
o Medium chain FA (MCFA): from 8 to 12 carbon atoms
o Long chain FA (LCFA): from 14 to 18 carbon atoms (e.g. palmitic acid [C16])
o Very long chain FA (VLCFA): from 20 carbon atoms onwards. Transported in the bloodstream by chylomicrons (e.g. eicosapentanoic acids (EPA) [C20], Docosahexaenoic (DHA) [C22] )
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- Saturated FA contains no double bonds
- Unsaturated FA contains one (monounsaturated) or more (polyunsaturated) double bonds - 15Fatty acids functionFunction:
- MUFA (e.g. oleic acid) and PUFA (e.g. linoleic, linolenic, arachidonic acid) prevent atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction
- Naturally occurring FAs are in cis form (component of cell membranes)
- Trans FAs implicated in atherosclerosis formation - 16Fatty acid locationTAG from adipose converted to plasma FFA (free fatty acids), transported on serum albumin to tissues (where they are oxidized for energy)
- Major energy reserve of the body: esterified FA (TAG) in white adipose tissue (WAT)
- Essential FAs must be supplied in diet (can’t be synthesized by body)
o E.g. linoleic (ω-6 FAs), linolenic (ω-3 FAs)
o Arachidonic (ω-6 FAs) acid is essential if linoleic acid is deficient in diet - 17Triglycerides (Fat): glycerol + 3 fatty acids- Storage form of lipids in human adipose tissue, broken down for energy
- TAGs composed primarily of saturated FAs are called saturated fats
o Source: dairy products and meat
o Clinical: associated with total plasma cholesterol - 18Phosphatidylcholine or Lecithin:composed of glycerol, FA, P and choline
- Found in plasma membrane
- Dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine serves a constituent of lung surfactants and prevents
collapse of the alveoli during expiration.
- Clinical: Deficiency of lung surfactant causes respiratory distress syndrome (infants). - 19Phosphatidylinositol:composed of glycerol, FA, P and inositol
- Function: cell signaling
Sphingomyelin: composed of sphingosine, fatty acids, phosphates, and choline - Function: structural lipid of nerve fiber’s myelin sheathe
o Helps insulate for faster conduction of nerve impulse - 20Glycerophospholipids (phosphoglycerides):)contain phosphatidic acid (DAG (diacylglycerol) with
a phosphate group on carbon 3)
- Function: predominant lipids in membranes
A key concept in glycerophospholipid synthesis is activation, of either DAG or the alcohol to
- Clinical: platelet activating factor (PAF), an ether glycerophospholipid, activates inflammatory cells and mediates hypersensitivity, acute inflammatory, and anaphylactic reactions - 21Glycolipids (Glycosphingolipids):- Composition: cerebrosides (ceramide monosaccharides), e.g. glucocerebroside,
galactocerebroside
- Location: brain and peripheral tissue
- Clinical: Sphingolipidoses (liposomal storage diseases) are caused by defective liposomal degradation of glycosphingolipids (e.g. Gaucher’s, Niemann-Pick, Tay-Sachs) - 22Cholesterol:- Function:
o Contributes to fluidity in plasma membranes
o Precursor of bile, steroid hormones (cortisol, testosterone, estrogen), and vitamin D - Clinical:
o Atherosclerosis (cholesterol deposits on blood vessels) → higher risk of cardio-, cerebro-, and peripheral vascular disease
o Increased cholesterol in red cell membranes causes membrane rigidity → hemolysis of RBC as they pass through tiny capillaries - 23Plasma lipoproteins:contains lipids & proteins; transports lipids in blood - Types & functions:
o Chylomicrons: transports digested/absorbed lipids from intestine to other tissues
o Very low-density lipoproteins: transports TAG from liver to extra hepatictissues
o Low-density lipoproteins: transports cholesterol from liver to extra hepatic tissues
o High-density lipoproteins: transports cholesterol from extra hepatic tissues to liver - 24Eicosanoids:20-carbon polyenoic (many unsaturated bonds) fatty acids
- Functions: promotion of inflammation, blood pressure regulation, control of platelet
aggregation
- Types
o Prostaglandins o Prostacyclins o Leukotrienes
o Thromboxanes
- Clinical: NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) such as aspirin and ibuprofen inhibit prostaglandin synthesis
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- Usle ' Carbohydrates & lipids FlashCards sobre Sem título, criado por Shan Ali em 23-08-2022.
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- Shan Ali
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