Flashcards
PSYC 2600 Test 2
Flashcards do conjunto (86)
- 1Four components of the self1) self-knowledge
our beliefs about who we are and the way in which we formulate and organize this information
2) self-control
the way in which people make plans and execute decisions
3) impression management
the way in which we present ourselves to other people, trying to get them to see us the way we want to be seen
4) self-esteem
the way we feel about ourselves - 2independent view of selfa way of defining oneself in terms of one's own internal thoughts, feelings, and actions and not in terms of the thoughts, feelings, and actions of others
- 3interdependent view of the selfa way of defining oneself in terms of one's relationships to other people and recognizing that one's behavior is often determined by the thoughts, feelings, and actions of others
- 4[...] is looking inward to examine the "inside information" that you, and you alone, have about your thoughts, feelings, and motivesintrospection
- 5self-awareness theorythe idea that when people focus their attention on themselves, they evaluate and compare their behaviors to their internal standards and values
- 6[...] theories are theories about the causes of one's own feelings and behaviors; oftern we learn such theories from our cultureCausal
- 7[...] is attitude change resulting from thinking about the reasons for your attitudes. People assume that their attitudes match the reasons that are easy to verbalize.reasons-generated attitude change
- 8Why does reasons-generated attitude change occur?(a) bring to mind reasons that don't really reflect how they feel
(b) talk themselves into believing that this is how they feel - 9What is the theory that when our attitudes and feelings are ambiguous, we infer these states by observing our behavior and the situation in which it occursself-perception theory
- 10Intrinsic vs extrinsic motivationThe desire to engage in an activity because
intrinsic: we enjoy it or find it interesting, not because of external rewards or pressures
extrinsic: because of external rewards or pressures, not because we enjoy the task or find it interesting - 11The [...] is the tendency for people to view their behavior as caused by compelling extrinsic reasons, making them underestimate the extent to which it was caused by intrinsic reasonsoverjustification effect
- 12[...] rewards mean that people get them for simply doing a task, regardless of how well they do it.Task-contingent
- 13[...] rewards are ones where the reward depends on how well people perform the task.Performance-contingent
- 14What is the two-factor theory of emotion?the idea that emotional experience is the result of a two-step self-perception process in which people first experience physiological arousal and then seek an appropriate explanation for it
- 15The [...] of [...] is the process whereby people make mistaken inferences about what is causing them to feel the way they do.misattribution of arousal
- 16What is the idea that we have a set amount of an ability that cannot change?a fixed mindset
- 17A [...] is the idea that abilities are malleable qualities that can be cultivated and growngrowth mindset
- 18[...] is the idea that we learn about our own abilities and attitudes by comparing ourselves to other people.social comparison theory
- 19Upward social comparison is [...]comparing ourselves to people who are better than we are with regard to a particular trait or ability
- 20Downward social comparison is [...]comparing ourselves to people who are worse than we are with regard to a particular trait or ability
- 21The process whereby people adopt another person's attitude is [...]social tuning
- 22[...] is the attempt by people to get others to see them the way they want to be seenImpression management
- 23Ingratiation is [...]using flattery or praise to make yourself likable to another, often a person of higher status
- 24[...] is the strategy whereby people create obstacles and excuses for themselves so that if they do poorly on a task, they can avoid blaming themselves.self-handicapping
- 25self-esteempeople's evaluations of their own self-worth
that is, the extent to which they view themselves as good, competent, and decent - 26[...] holds that self-esteem serves as a buffer, protecting people from terrifying thoughts about deathTerror management thoery
- 27Narcissism is [...]the combination of excessive self-love and a lack of empathy toward others
- 28[...] is a change in one's behavior due to the real or imagined influence of other people.Conformity
- 29[...] is the influence of other people that leads us to conform because we see them as a source of information to guide our behaviorInformational social influence
- 30Private acceptance is [...]conforming to another person's behavior out of a genuine belief that what they are doing or saying is right
- 31Public compliance is [...]conforming to another person's behavior publicly without necessarily believing in what other people are doing or saying
- 32[...] is the rapid spread of emotions or behaviors through a crowd.Contagion
- 33Mass psychogenic illnessthe occurrence in a group of people of similar physical symptoms with no known physical cause
- 34[...] is the implicit or explicit rules a group has for the acceptable behaviors, values, and beliefs of its memberssocial norms
- 35[...] occurs when the influence of other people leads us to conform to be liked and accepted by them Results in public compliance but not necessarily private acceptanceNormative social influence
- 36Social impact theory is [...]the idea that conforming to social influence depends on the group's importance, its immediacy, and the number of people in the group
- 37[...] is the tolerance a person earns, over time, by conforming to group norms; if enough [...] are earned, the person can, on occasion, behave deviantly without retribution from the groupidosyncrasy credits
- 38[...] is the case where a minority of group members influences the behavior or beliefs of the majorityminority influence
- 39[...] are people's perceptions of what behaviors are approved or disapproved of by othersinjunctive norms
- 40[...] are people's perceptions of how people actually behave in given situations, regardless of whether the behavior is approved or disapproved of by othersdescriptive norms
- 41Attitudes are [...]evaluations of people, objects, or ideas
- 42Three components of attitude1) cognitive - the thoughts & beliefs that people form about the attitude object
2) affective - people's emotional reactions toward the attitude object
3) behavioral - how people act toward the attitude object - 43[...] is an attitude based primarily on people's beliefs about the properties of an attitude object.Cognitively based attitude
- 44[...] is an attitude based more on people's feelings &values than on their beliefs about the nature of an attitude objectAffectively based attitude
- 45[...] is an attitude based on observations of how one behaves toward an objectBehaviorally based attitude
- 46explicit vs implicit attitudesones we consciously endorse & easily report vs ones that are involuntary, uncontrollable, and at times unconscious
- 47[...] is the study of the conditions under which people are most likely to change their attitudes in response to persuasive messages, focusing on the source of the communication, the nature of the communication, and the nature of the audience Who says what to whomYale Attitude Change approach
- 48Elaboration likelihood modelA model explaining two ways in which persuasive communications can cause attitude change: centrally, when people are motivated and have the ability to pay attention to arguments in the communication, and peripherally, when people do not pay attention to the arguments but are instead swayed by surface characteristics (e.g. who gave the speech)
- 49Central route to persuasionThe case in which people elaborate on a persuasive communication, listening carefully to and thinking about arguments, which occurs when people have both the ability and the motivation to listen carefully to communication
- 50Peripheral route to persuasionThe case in which people do not elaborate on the arguments in a persuasive communication but are instead swayed by peripheral cues
- 51Need for cognition is [...]a personality variable reflecting the extent to which people engage in and enjoy effortful cognitive activities
- 52[...] is a persuasive message that attempts to change people's attitudes by arousing their fearsfear-arousing communication
- 53The heuristic-systematic model of persuasion states [...]when people take the peripheral route to persuasion, they often use heuristics
- 54Reactance theory is [...]the idea that when people feel their freedom to perform a certain behavior is threatened, an unpleasant state of reactance is aroused, which they can reduced by performing the threatened behavior
- 55[...] is the strength of association between an attitude object and the person's evaluation of that object, typically measured by the speed with which people can report how they feel about the objectAttitude accessibility
- 56The theory of planned behavior is [...]the idea that people's intentions are the best predictors of their deliberate behaviors, which are determined by their attitudes toward specific behaviors, their subjective norms, and their perceived behavioral control
- 57[...] are words or pictures that are not consciously perceived but may nevertheless influence people's judgments, attitudes, and behaviorsSubliminal messages
- 58A group [...]consists of three or more people who interact and are interdependent in the sense that their needs and goals cause them to influence each other
- 59Social roles are [...]shared expectations in a group about how particular people are supposed to behave
- 60[...] are qualities of a group that bind members together and promote liking between members.group cohesiveness
- 61[...] is the tendency for people to do better on simple tasks and worse on complex tasks when they are in the presence of others and their individual performance can be evaluatedsocial facilitation
- 62[...] is the tendency for people to relax when they are in the presence of others and their individual performance cannot be evaluated, such that they do worse on simple tasks but better on complex taskssocial loafing
- 63[...] is the loosening of normal constraints on behavior when people can't be identified (such as when they are in a crowd).deindividuation
- 64[...] is any aspect of group interaction that inhibits good problem solvingprocess loss
- 65[...] is the combined memory of two people that is more efficient than the memory of either individualtransactive memory
- 66Groupthink is [...]a kind of thinking in which maintaining group cohesiveness and solidarity is more important than considering the facts in a realistic manner
- 67[...] is the tendency for groups to make decisions that are more extreme than the initial inclinations of its membersgroup polarization
- 68Great person theorymaintains that certain key personality traits make a person a good leader, regardless of the nature of the situation the leader faces
- 69[...] leaders set clear, short-term goals and reward people who meet themtransactional
- 70[...] leaders inspire followers to focus on common, long-term goalstransformational
- 71[...] argues that leadership effectiveness depends both on how task-oriented or relationship-oriented the leader is and on the amount of control and influence the leader has over the groupcontingency theory of leadership
- 72Task oriented vs relationship orientedconcerned more with getting the job done
vs
concerned more with workers' feelings and relationships - 73[...] is a conflict in which the most beneficial action for an individual will, if chosen by most people, be harmful to everyoneSocial dilemma
- 74Tit-for-Tat strategya means of encouraging cooperation by at first acting cooperatively then always responding the way your opponent did (cooperatively or competitively) on the previous trial
- 75[...] is a form of communication between opposing sides in a conflict in which offers and counteroffers are made and a solution only occurs when both parties argreenegotiation
- 76An [...] solution is a solution to a conflict whereby the parties make trade-offs on issues according to their different interests; each side concedes the most on issues that are unimportant to it but important to the other sideintegrative
- 77[...] is the process whereby people notice and pay attention to information in the environment.Acquisition
- 78[...] is the process by which people store in memory information they have acquired from the environment.Storage
- 79[...] is the process by which people recall information stored in their memories.Retrieval
- 80[...] is the fact that people are better at recognizing faces of their own race than those of other races.own-race bias
- 81[...] is the process whereby memories of an event become distorted by information encountered after the event occurred.Reconstructive memory
- 82[...] is the process whereby people try to identify the source of their memories.Source monitoring
- 83A polygraph is [...]a machine that measures people's physiological responses (e.g. heart rate) while answering an operator's questions, to determine truth or deception
- 84[...] are recollections of a past event, such as sexual abuse, that have been forgotten or repressed.Recovered memories
- 85False memory syndromeremembering a past traumatic experience that is objectively false but is nevertheless accepted by the person as true
- 86—
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- FlashCards sobre PSYC 2600 Test 2, criado por V L em 20-10-2015.
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- V L
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