Flashcards
Final Exam Review Unit 2
Flashcards do conjunto (173)
- 1Parenchyma:Can produce daughter cells
Thin Walled Cells - 2Collenchyma:Corner Cells
Thicker Cell Walls: Grow Slower - 3Sclerenchyma:Stone Like Cells - dead when functioning.
Very Thick Cell Walls - 4Dermal TissueThick, Outside Skin
- 5Ground TissueFundamental Tissue System
- 6Vascular TissueTransport of Water and Nutrients
- 7Annualsdescribes a plant or other organism that completes its whole life cycle in one year
- 8Biennualsa plant whose life cycle extends for more than one but less than two years after germination. Having a life cycle lasting two seasons
- 9PerennialA plant lasting for three seasons or more.
- 10Rootsprovide anchorage in the soil and foster efficient uptake of water and minerals
- 11Stemproduce leaves and branches and bear the reproductive structures
- 12Leavesfoliage leaves specialized for photosynthesis
- 13Eudicots1 Cotyledon
Parallel Veins
Tap Root
Flower Parts in Multiple of 3 - 14Monocots2 Cotyledons
Net Like Veinations
Flower Parts in Multiple of 4-5
Fiberous Root - 15Zone of ElongationCells extend by water uptake
- 16Zone of MaturationRoot cell differentiation and tissue specialization
Identified by presence of root hairs (water and mineral uptake) absent from older regions - 17Xylemtransport water and mineral ions from root to the rest
- 18Phloemdistributes products of photosynthesis and other nutrients: Carbohydrates
- 19Phytomereshoot module
- 20Stem nodeleaves emerge
- 21Internodebetween adjacent nodes
- 22Axillary meristemgenerate axillary buds for lateral shoots
- 23Herbaceous plantsproduce mostly primary vascular tissues
- 24Woody plantsproduce primary and secondary vascular tissue
- 25Tracheids and vessel elementsconduct water and dissolved minerals (not living cells)
- 26Primary phloemTransports organic compounds and certain minerals
- 27Sieve elementsliving cells
- 28Companion cellsaid sieve element metabolism
- 29Secondary xylemwood
- 30Secondary phloeminner bark
- 31Cork cambium:Produces Cork
- 32lignin and suberinLayers dead cork cells
- 33Vascular cambiumProduces secondary xylem and secondary phloem
- 34Auxincontrols production of leaf primordia
- 35Gibberellic acidproduced by leaf primordia when KNOX gene is absent.
Stimulates cell division and cell enlargement so young leaves grow larger - 36stomaan open aperture (the stomatal pore) in the epidermis surrounded by two guard cells.
stomata - plural - 37Simple leavesonly one blade, advantageous in shade by providing maximal light absorption
- 38Complex or compound leavesdissected into leaflets, common in hot environments for heat dissipation
- 39Vegetative growthindeterminate growth
- 40Reproductive growthdeterminate growth
- 41Diploidspore-producing sporophyte: Produces spores by meiosis
- 42Haploidgamete-producing gametophyte: Produces gametes by mitosis
- 43phytochromeLight Sensing Pigment
- 44SepalCalyx
- 45PetalsCorolla
- 46Stamensandroecium
- 47Carpelsgynoecium
- 48Perianthcalyx and corolla
- 49Complete flowersall 4 whorls
- 50Incomplete flowerslack 1 or more whorls
- 51Perfect flowershave stamens and carpels
- 52Imperfect flowersProducing carpels – carpellate or pistillate
Producing stamens – staminate - 53Dioeciousstaminate and pistillate flowers on different plants
- 54Monoeciousstaminate and pistillate flowers on same plant
- 55SepalsTend to be green
- 56PetalsColorful part of the Flower
- 57regular or actinomorphicRadially symmetrical flowers
- 58irregular or zygomorphicBilaterally symmetrical flowers
- 59StamensProduce male gametophyte and foster their early development
Filament topped by anther
Anther is a group of 4 sporangia producing spores - 60Pollen grainsImmature male gametophyte
- 61haploid spermmature male gametophyte
- 62Pollen tube growthPollen grain germinates by taking up water and producing a pollen tube
Pollen generative nucleus usually divides by mitosis to produce two sperm cells
Upon rehydration a pollen tube extends into the spaces between cells of the style
To deliver sperm to egg cells, the tube must grow from the stigma, through the style, to the ovule - 63CarpelsVase-shaped structures that produce, enclose, and nurture female gametophytes and mature male gametophytes
Contain veins of vascular tissue that deliver nutrients from the parent sporophyte to the developing gametophytes
Flower contains one or more carpels that form a pistil - 64Female gametophyteMany possess 7 cells and 8 nuclei
Egg cell lies between 2 synergids
Synergids help move nutrients to female gametophyte
3 antipodal cells
Central cell has 2 nuclei - 65FertilizationFertilization leads to the production of a young sporophyte that lies within a seed
Pollination – pollen grains must find their way to stigma
Some self-pollinate while others cross-pollinate - 66Embryogenesisdevelopment from single celled zygotes by mitosis
- 67EndospermSupplies nutritional needs for developing embryo and often seedling
- 68Simple fruitsfrom single ovary
- 69Fleshy fruitsberry, hesperidium, pome, drupe, pepo
- 70Dry fruitsIndehiscent- achene, acorn, caryopsis (grain), nut, samara, schizocarp
Dehiscent: capsule, follicle, legume, silicle, silique - 71Aggregate fruitsfrom multiple simple ovaries of a single flower gynoecium
- 72Multiple fruitsfrom multiple ovaries of an inflorescence. (compound fruits)
- 73HesperidiumBerries with leathery rind
- 74Pomefrom an inferior compound ovary Ex. Apples
- 75Pepofrom a compound inferior ovary, w/ a hard and tough exocarp
ex. Watermelon and Pumpkin - 76Drupefrom an unicarpellate (i.e., simple) ovary, w/ one seed and a stony endocarp
ex. Coconut - 77Asexual reproductionmaintain favorable gene combinations, advantageous when mates or pollinators rare, allows some plants to live a very long time
- 78Apomixisfruits and seeds are produced in the absence of fertilization
- 79Meiosisproduces diploid megaspores (no meiosis II)
- 80Essential nutrientssubstances needed by plants in order to complete their reproductive cycle
- 81Macronutrientsrequired in amounts of at least 0.1% of plant dry matter
- 82Micronutrients or trace elementsrequired in amounts at or less than 0.01% of plant dry matter
- 83Limiting factorslight, carbon dioxide, water and other mineral nutrients can limit growth
- 84LightAll photosynthetic plants require light
Can be regarded as a plant nutrient - 85Adaptations to shadeProduce thin, translucent leaves that allow some light to pass through to other leaves
Produce more total chlorophyll - 86Adaptations to excessive lightToo much light can destroy an essential photosynthetic protein
- 87Xanthophyllcan absorb light energy and dissipate it as harmless heat
- 88Leaf mesophyllcells absorb carbonic acid and bicarbonate ions
- 89Organic fertilizermost minerals bound to organic molecules and released slowly
- 90Organic farmingproduction of crops without using inorganic fertilizers, growth substances, and pesticides
- 91Inorganic fertilizerinorganic minerals which are immediately useful but can be leached away – commercially produced
- 92Nitrogen fixationatmospheric N2 combined with H to give NH3
- 93Cyanobacterial-plant symbiosesCyanobacteria are photosynthetic
Plant partner can subsidize high cost of nitrogen fixation
Allows cyanobacteria to fix more nitrogen than they need and excess goes to plant partner - 94ActinobacteriaHeterotrophic, nitrogen-fixing bacteria
- 95Frankiain nodules formed on roots of some shrubs or trees such as Alder and myrtle
- 96PhosphateOften limits plant growth
Occurs in soil in 3 dissolved forms
H3PO4, H2PO4-, HPO42- - 97Mycorrhizal associationsfungi and plant
About 90% of seed plants have fungal symbiotic associations – forming mycorrhizae (fungus root) - 98Monotropagets energy from fungi, which form mycorrhizal association with photosynthetic trees.
- 99mycoheterotrophyPlants us it to survive until they can get proper light for photosynthesis
- 100Aluminum (Al3+)Most common soil mineral and toxic at micromolar amounts (inhibits root elongation and uptake of minerals and water)
- 101HyperaccumulatorsAbout 400 plant species are hyperaccumulators
Accumulate and bind toxic metals safely within tissue - 102phytoremediationprocess used to remove toxic heavy metals from soils
- 103Passive mechanismdepend on prey to fall or wander into trap, slippery wall, water to drown small animals e.g. lizards and frogs. Their bodies are digested by microbes living in the pitchers
- 104Active mechanismtraps stimulated by touch
- 105Holoparasitica plant that is completely parasitic on other plants and has virtually no chlorophyll
- 106• Hemiparasitic:a plant that is parasitic under natural conditions and is also photosynthetic. obtain water and mineral nutrients from the host plant. obtain part of their organic nutrients from host
- 107TranspirationPowers the move of water from soil, via roots and stems, to leaves
Cools leaf surfaces
Essential for moving dissolved minerals and organic compounds such as sugars and hormones - 108Xylemtransports water and dissolved minerals
- 109Phloemtransports organic substances
- 110Passive transport –doesn't require energy input: Movement of materials into or out of cells down a concentration gradient without ATP
- 111Passive diffusionmovement of a solute through a phospholipid bilayer down a gradient
- 112Facilitated diffusiontransport of molecules across plasma membranes down a concentration gradient with the aid of membrane transport proteins
- 113Transportersbind and change conformation to release molecule on opposite side.
Increases the rate at which specific ions and organic molecules are able to enter plants cells and vacuoles. - 114Channelsmembrane pores formed by proteins that allow movement of ions and molecules across membrane
- 115Active transportenergy spent
- 116Membrane transporter proteinsuse energy to move substances against their concentration gradients
- 117H+-ATPase proton pumpuses ATP to pump protons against a gradient
- 118Proton gradientgenerates an electrical difference (membrane potential)
Energy released when protons pass down their gradient is used to power active transport - 119Cotransporttransport 2 substances in the same direction across a membrane
- 120Turgor (swelling) pressurehydrostatic pressure that increases as water enters plant cells
Cell walls restrict the extent to which the cells can swell - 121Osmosisdiffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane in response to differences in solute concentrations
- 122Aquaporinsallow facilitated diffusion of water
- 123Turgid planthas a cytosol full of water and plasma membrane pushes up against cell wall – cells are firm or swollen.
- 124Plasmolyzed cellhas lost so much water that turgor pressure lost
- 125Flaccid cellis between the 2 extremes
- 126Water potentialPotential energy of water: Measured in megapascals
- 127Cellular Water PotentialΨw = Ψs + Ψp
Ψs = solute or osmotic potential
Ψp = pressure or wall potential - 128Halophytesgrow in salty habitats
Cannot readily absorb salty water due to highly negative water potential - 129Tissue-level transportshort-distance transport within and among nearby tissues
- 130Three Kinds of Tissue TransportTransmembrane – e.g., auxin moving from shoot to roots.
Symplastic – (plasmodesmata + protoplast, symplast)
Apoplastic – (water-soaked cell walls and intercellular spaces, apoplast) - 131Transmembrane TransportExport of a material from one cell into the intercellular space, followed by import of the same substance by an adjacent cell
Movement of auxin - 132Symplastic transportMovement of a substance from the cytosol of one cell to the cytosol of an adjacent cell via plasmodesmata
- 133Apoplastic transportMovement of solutes through cell walls and spaces between cells
- 134Apoplastcontinuum of water-soaked cell walls and intercellular spaces
- 135root endodermisbarrier between root cortex and central core
- 136Casparian stripswater-proof suberin (wax and phenolic polymers) prevent apoplastic transport into root vascular tissues
- 137Xylem loadinglarge amounts of water enter the long-distance conducting cells of the xylem, carrying solutes along
- 138Bulk or mass flowmolecules of liquid all move together from one place to another.
- 139EmbolismBlockage by air bubbles
- 140Root pressureat night root xylem accumulates ions
- 141guttationWater pushes upward to leaves and out as droplets on leaves
- 142Ethylenestimulates formation of abscission zone with separation layer and underlying protective area
- 143Sieve platesperforated end walls of mature sieve tube elements
- 144Sucrose (disaccharides)used for most long distance transport
- 145Hormonesreceptors + hormone >> gene expression
- 146miRNAsdestruction of mRNA that would otherwise be translated into translation factors or other proteins >> gene expression.
- 147Receptor moleculeslocated in plant cells sense stimuli and cause responses
- 148Phototropismplant senses direction of light and responds by changing the location of auxin, a plant hormone.
- 149• Proteins that become activated when they receive a specific type of signal:membrane (defensive hormones)
cytosol (light receptors)
nucleus (auxin receptors) - 150Phenotypic plasticitythe same specie with various structure or behavior.
- 151Plant HormonesAuxins, cytokinins, gibberellins, ethylene, abscisic acid and brassinosteroids
- 152Stress hormonesFunction: Help plants respond to environmental stresses
hormones:
Abscisic acid
Brassinosteroids
Salicylic acid (SA)
Systemin (a peptide)
Jasmonic acid
Nitric oxide (NO) - 153Photoperiodisminfluences the timing of dormancy and flowering
- 154GravitropismGrowth in response to the force of gravity
- 155Droughtregulate aquaporin opening and closing using protein loop stopper and close stomata
- 156SalinitymiRNA induces enzyme destruction leading to buildup of proline, an amino acid, that stabilizes plasma membranes against damage. Lower water potential.
- 157Heatproduce heat shock proteins to protect proteins from heat damage.
- 158Coldvernalization – plants measure length of winter, and flower only in warm season
- 159• Vernalization genes (VRN1 and VRN2).VRN1 in spring and winter wheat. VRN2 only in winter wheat, repressing flowering. A long winter will destroy VRN2 protein allowing flowering.
- 160Elicitorscompounds produced by bacterial and fungal pathogens (e.g., chitin)
- 161Avr (avirulence) genesencode virulence-enhancing elicitors
- 162Hypersensitive response (HR)A plant recognizes a pathogen by chemical means and responds in such a way that the disease symptoms are limited
- 163Systemic acquired resistance (SAR)plant immune system
Localized hypersensitive response can result in the production of alarm signals that travel to noninfected regions of a plant and induce widespread resistance to diverse pathogens - 16410 plant phylaHepatophyta (Liverworts)
Bryophyta (Mosses)
Anthocerophyta (Hornworts)
Lycopodiophyta (Lycophytes)
Pteridophyta (Pteridophytes)
Cycadophyta (Cycads)
Ginkgophyta (Ginkgos)
Coniferophyta (Conifers)
Gnetophyta (Gnetophytes)
Anthophyta (Angiosperms, flowering) - 165Charophyceandisplay a zygotic life cycle with a one cell diploid zygote
- 166Bryophytesexhibit a sporic life cycle with alternation of generations
- 167Diploid sporophyteproduces haploid spores by meiosis
Spores grow into gametophytes - 168Haploid gametophyteproduces gametes by mitosis
Gametes are nonflagellate eggs and smaller flagellate sperm fuse into single-celled diploid zygotes - 169AngioSpermsFlowers specialized to enhance seed production
Endosperm nutritive seed tissue with increased storage efficiency
Fruits develop from flowers enclose seed and foster seed dispersal - 170BryophytesMobile Sperm Yes
Vascular Tissue NO
Euphyll NO
Embryo Yes
Endosperm NO
Wood NO
Seed NO
Fruit NO - 171Lycophytes & PteridophytesMobile Sperm Yes
Vascular Tissue Yes
Euphyll: No(Lyco) Yes (Pterido)
Embryo Yes
Endosperm No
Wood NO
Seed NO
Fruit NO - 172GymnospermsMobile Sperm Yes
Vascular Tissue Yes
Euphyll Yes
Embryo Yes
Endosperm NO
Wood Yes
Seed Yes
Fruit NO - 173AngiospermsMobile Sperm NO
Vascular Tissue YES
Euphyll YES
Embryo YES
Endosperm YES
Wood YES
Seed YES
Fruit YES
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- FlashCards sobre Final Exam Review Unit 2, criado por zoellersn em 10-12-2013.
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