Flashcards
A & P Test 5 - Pulmonary Physiology Lecture
Flashcards do conjunto (68)
- 1What is the maximal volume of all the airways in the adult?5 to 6 L
- 2What does a simple spirometer do?It measures volume of air inspired and expired, thus measuring changes in lung volume.
- 3What are the four standard lung volumes?Tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume (IRV), Expiratory reserve volume (ERV), and residual volume (RV)
- 4What are the four lung capacities?Inspiratory capacity, functional residual capacity, total lung capacity, and vital capacity
- 5What is a tidal volume? What is the average tidal volume of an adult breathing quietly?Tidal volume is the volume of air entering and leaving the nose or mouth per normal breath. It is 500 mL in the average adult.
- 6How do you calculate total ventilation?Tidal Volume X respiratory rate = total ventilation in Liter
- 7What is the inspiratory reserve volume What is the normal amount?The additional volume of air a person can inhale above a tidal volume with maximal effort. The normal IRV is 2.5 to 3L
- 8What is expiratory reserve volume and what is the normal value?The volume forcefully exhaled below tidal volume after a quiet exhalation. The normal value is 1,200 mL.
- 9How do you calculate expiratory reserve volume?The difference between FRC and RV. In a healthy, 70 kg adult, the normal volume is 1.5 L.
- 10What is residual volume? What is the average volume?The volume of air left in lungs after forced exhalation/air that remains in lung no matter what you do unless the lungs collapse. The average volume is 1.5 liters
- 11What is a disease state that increases residual volume?Emphysema
- 12What is the purpose of residual volume?It keeps the lungs from collapsing at very low lung volumes. It maintains the potency of alveoli.
- 13What is total lung capacity?The volume of air in lungs after maximal inspiratory effort. It is approximately 6 Liters.
- 14What are the two components of total lung capacity?Vital capacity + residual lung volume
- 15What is the functional residual capacity? What is its usual measurement?Functional residual capacity is the volume of gas remaining in lungs at end of normal tidal exhalation. It is approximately 3 liters. Much larger than the tidal volume.
- 16What is the purpose of functional residual capacity?It prevents dramatic changes in o2 and po2 with each breath.
- 17What happens if FRC becomes very low?PO2 increases with inspiration and decreases with expiration.
- 18What is inspiratory capacity? How is it calculated?It is the maximal amount of air that one could still inspire or inhale. It is tidal volume + IRV
- 19What is the vital capacity? What is its usual volume?It is the amount of air that can be exhaled with maximum effort after maximum inspiration. The volume is 4.5 L.
- 20What are some ways to calculate vital capacity?TLC - RV
Vt + IRV + ERV - 21What does vital capacity assess?Strength of thoracic muscles as well as pulmonary function
- 22What factors increase vital capacity?Body size
Male gender
Physical conditioning - 23What factors decrease vital capacity?Smoking, obesity, supine position, and poor posture
- 24What is FEV?Forced expiratory volume in one second. The volume of air exhaled in 1 second following maximum inspiratory effort and rapid, complete as possible exhalation.
- 25What percentage of vital capacity is FEV?80 percent
- 26What lung volumes can spiromety measure?tidal volume, IRV, ERV, IC, VC
- 27What lung volumes can spirometry NOT measure?RV, TLC, and FRC
- 28What are the gas dilution techniques used to measure lung volumes?Helium-dilution
Nitrogen-Washout - 29What is the purpose of body plethysmography?It measures FRC; It is an example of Boyle's Law applied.
- 30What is Boyle's Law?P1 X V1 = P2 X V2
increases in volume, decreases in pressure
decreases in volume, increases in pressure
volume is inversely proportional to pressure - 31How does body plethysmography work?A patient is placed in closed chamber, makes inspiratory effort against closed airway. Measures pressure and volume changes that occur during this.
- 32How is FRC different from the supine position from a standing position?FRC's decrease in the supine position - gravity is no longer pulling abdominal contents away from diaphragm, which decreases outward elastic recoil of the chest wall
- 33What is the closing volume?The volume where airway closure begins to occur
- 34What is the closing capacity?CV + RV; lung capacity where small airways begin to close
- 35When does CV and CC increase?With age, smoking, lung disease, body position (supine vs. upright)
- 36What is the normal closing capacity?Below FRC; increases steadily with increasing age.
- 37At what age does CC = FRC in the supine position?44 years of age.
- 38How are closing capacity and FRC related in neonates?CC is greater than FRC in neonates
- 39What is increased closing capacity probably linked with?Age-related decline in Pa02.
- 40What happens when lung volume is below CC?Small airways readily close or collapse. This leads to a shunt which is a perfusion of non-ventilated airways. V/Q mismatch occurs and gas exchange worsens.
- 41What factors increase closing capacity?Age, smoking, asthma/emphysema, bronchitis, prolonged recumbency, increased left atrial pressure, decreased plasma oncotic pressure
- 42What types of conditions will result in a decrease in physiologicaal 02 reserve, airway collapse, and atelectasis.Reduction in lung volume, FRC, chest wall compliance or
An increase in closing volume - 43What is the nature of pleural pressure in non-dependent zones?More negative
- 44What is the nature of pleural pressures in dependent zones?Less negative; At end-expiration, alveoli in dependent zones are less inflated than those in non-dependent zones
- 45What is the first to close during active expiration?Alveoli at the bases
- 46What is closing volume?The lung volume above residual volume at which airways in the lower dependent parts of lung begin to close off.
- 47What is ventilation?The process by which 02 and C02 are transported to and from the lungs.
- 48What is anatomical deadspace?The volume of air occupying upper airways where there are no alveoli.
- 49What is anatomical headspace equal to?Approximately equal to a patient's weight in pounds. A 150 pound person would have 150 mL of anatomical headspace
- 50How do you calculate physiologic deadspace?Anatomical deadspace + alveolar deadspace
- 51What is deadspace?Wasted because it does not contribute to gas exchange
- 52What is the symbol for physiologic deadspace?Vd
- 53How do you calculate minute ventilation?Vt X RR
- 54What is the normal value of minute ventilation?7,500 ml/Min (7.5 L/min)
Calculated 500 mL X 15 bpm - 55What's another name for minute ventilation?Total ventilation.
- 56What is the symbol for minute ventilation?Ve
- 57What is alveolar ventilation?Volume actually reaching respiratory zone of airways and involved in gas exchange per minute
- 58What is the symbol for alveolar ventilation?VA
- 59How do you calculate alveolar ventilation?VA = (tidal volume - VD) X RR
The formula corrects for physiologic deadspace - 60What is the relationship of alveolar ventilation to PaCO2?They are inversely related. hyperventilation lowers PaC02 and hypoventilation increases PaCO2
- 61What two factors are alveolar ventilation dependent on?inspired air and alveolar or arterial C02
- 62How much alveolar deadspace will a healthy person have?Virtually zero.
- 63About what percentage of every tidal volume is deadspace?30 percent
- 64What does a significant arterial-alveolar CO2 difference indicate?Significant alveolar deadspace - some type of VQ mismatch
- 65What situations cause V/Q Mismatch?Pulmonary emboli
Low venous return leading to low right ventricular output (hemorrhage)
High alveolar pressure - 66What is Fowler's Method?Measures anatomic deadspace by measuring volume of conducting zone by plotting the n2 concentration against the expired volume
- 67What is Bohr's method?Measures anatomic and physiologic deadspace. Any measurable volume of C02 in mixed expired gas. Bohr's method measures volume that does not eliminate C02
- 68How do the following affect anatomic deadspace: 1. Bronchoconstriction 2. Bronchodilation 3. Traction 4. compression of the airways1. decreases
2. Increases
3. increases
4. decreases
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- FlashCards sobre A & P Test 5 - Pulmonary Physiology Lecture, criado por Rachel Nall em 17-07-2016.
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- Rachel Nall
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