Flashcards
Introduction to Veterinary Epidemiology
Flashcards do conjunto (27)
- 1Give 5 advantages of epidemiology compared to study of disease in the individualAllocation of resources
Economic impact of disease (cost benefit analysis)
Behaviour of disease in a population
Discovering the cause of disease
Prevention of disease - 2How is disease defined in clinical medicine?A departure from normal in an individual which can be recognised by our senses (e.g. foot rot can be detected by sight and smell)
- 3Why is sub-clinical disease important?Sub-clinical infection may represent a higher proportion of animals than those with overt clinical signs
- 4Give an example of the importance of sub-clinical diseasePregnancy toxaemia in sheep - overt clinical signs occur in some animals but many more in the flock may have raised beta hydroxybutyrate
- 5Give 2 reasons why sub-clinical disease can be problematicImportant source of economic loss e.g. sub-clinical mastitis in dairy cows
Animals with sub-clinical disease are a reservoir of infection for the population e.g. enzootic abortion in sheep - 6What is the only way to recognise sub-clinical disease?Diagnostic tests such as the California Milk Test
- 7Define epidemiologyThe study of disease in populations and of factors that determine its occurrence (note that in veterinary medicine productivity is also important).
- 8Define epizootiologyThe study of disease in animal populations
- 9Define endemicA disease is endemic if it is always present in the population (e.g. FIV in cats)
- 10Define epidemicA sharp increase in the incidence and prevalence of a disease above normal levels
Note that this is not necessarily related to the number affected but a deviation from the normal - 11Give an example of a long-term epidemicBSE
- 12Give an example of a short-term epidemicE.Coli
- 13Define outbreakA sudden epidemic of short duration
- 14Define pandemicAn epidemic occurring over a wide geographical area
- 15Give 2 examples of diseases that often occur as pandemicsRinderpest in cattle
Human influenza - 16Why do a number of influenza pandemics originate in South East Asia?Closer proximity between people and animals, so cycling of the virus leads to antigenic shift
- 17Give 5 practical uses of epidemiologyFinding the cause of a disease
Establishing the origin or source of a disease
Detecting the occurrence of disease
Measuring the importance of a disease
Acquisition of information on the ecology and natural history of a disease - 18Why is epidemiology useful in establishing the cause of a disease?Populations can often identify control mechanisms without a full understanding of the disease
- 19Give an example of where acquisition of information about the ecology of a disease is useful?Liver fluke in sheep has snails as the intermediate host
This allows for environmental conditions to be taken into account and produce 'fluke forecasts' - 20Define causeAn environmental or individual characteristic which affects the incidence of disease
- 21When is a factor determined to be causal?If its removal reduces the incidence of disease
- 22What is the term for the factors that cause a disease when they are combined?Sufficient or component causes
- 23Give an example of a multifactorial diseaseFoot rot
Infectious agent but also environmental causes such as weather conditions, soil type and age of animal - 24Define associationThe degree of dependence between 2 variables
2 variables are associated if there is a statistically significant link between them - 25Give the classifications of associationsAssociations can be independent or statistically associated
Statistical associations can be causal or non-causal
Causal statistical associations can be both direct and indirect - 26Define risk factorAny variable of which the presence or absence influences the incidence of disease (increases or decreases)
- 27What is a necessary cause?A factor which must be present for a disease to manifest itself (usually infectious agents) but may not be sufficient to cause disease without the presence of other contributing factors
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- BVSc Animal Management 2 (Epidemiology & Statistics) FlashCards sobre Introduction to Veterinary Epidemiology, criado por Florence Edwards em 29-09-2016.
- Criado por
- Florence Edwards
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