Flashcards
earth science semester test part 1
Flashcards do conjunto (128)
- 1minerala naturally formed inorganic solid with a crystalline structure
- 2elementa pure substance that can not be separated or broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical means
- 3atomthe smallest part of an element that has all of the properties of that element
- 4compounda pure substance made in to 2 or more elements that have been chemically joined of bonded together
- 5crystalthe solid geometric form of a mineral produced by a repeated pattern of atoms
- 6silicate minerala mineral that contains a combination of the elements silicon and oxygen
- 7non-silicate minerala mineral that does not contain compounds of silicon and oxygen
- 8lusterthe way the surface of a mineral reflects light
- 9streakthe color of a mineral in powder form
- 10cleavagethe tendency of a mineral to break along flat surfaces
- 11fracturethe tendency of a mineral to break along curved or irregular surfaces
- 12hardnessthe resistance of a mineral being scratched
- 13densitythe amount of matter in a given space, mass per unit
- 14orea mineral deposit large enough and pure enough to be mined for a profit
- 15reclamationthe process of returning land to its original state after mining is complete
- 16rocka solid mixture of crystals or of 1 or more minerals or other materials
- 17rock cyclethe process by which one rock type changes into another rock type
- 18magmathe hot liquid that forms when rock partially or completely melts beneath the earths surface
- 19sedimentary rockrock that forms when sediments are cemented and compacted together
- 20metamorphic rockrock that forms when the texture of composition of pre-existing rock changes due to heat and pressure
- 21igneous rockrock tat forms from the cooling of magma
- 22compositionthe makeup of a rock describes either the mineral or elements in it
- 23texturethe sizes shapes and positions of the grains that a rock is made of
- 24intrusivetype of igneous rock when magma cools and solidifies beneath the earths surface (cools slowly/coarse)
- 25extrusivetype of igneous rock that forms when lava or pyroclastic material cools on the earth surface (cools quickly/fine)
- 26stratalayers of sedimentary rock that form from the deposition of sediment
- 27stratificationthe layering of sedimentary rock
- 28foliatedthe texture of metamorphic in which the mineral grains are aligned like the pages of a book
- 29non-foliatedthe texture of metamorphic rock in which the mineral grains show no alignment
- 30maficthe igneous rock contains a higher composition of iron and magnesium causing a rock to be a darker color
- 31felsicigneous rock that contains a higher composition of silicate minerals giving it a lighter color
- 32uniformitarianismprinciple that states that the same geologic process shaping the earth today have been at work throughout the earth's history.
- 33catastrophismprinciple that states that all geologic change occurs suddenly
- 34relative datingDetermining whether an object or event is older or younger than other objects or events
- 35superpositionPrinciple that states that younger rocks lie above older rocks in an undisturbed sequence
- 36geologic columnan ideal sequence of rock layers that contains all the known fossils and rock formations on Earth arranged from oldest to youngest
- 37unconformitya surface that represents a missing part of the geologic column
- 38fossilany naturally preserved evidence of life
- 39permineralizationa process in which minerals fill in pore spaces of an organism’s tissue
- 40petrificationoccurs when the organism’s tissues are completely replaced by minerals
- 41trace fossilAny naturally preserved evidence of an animal’s activity
- 42geologic time scaleScale that divides Earth’s 4.6 billion years of Earth’s history
- 43eonLargest division of geologic time
- 44erasecond largest division of geologic time
- 45periodthird largest divisions of geologic time scale
- 46epochWhich are the fourth largest division of geologic time.
- 47coprolitepreserved feces or dung from animals
- 48molda cavity in the ground or rock where a plant or animal was buried
- 49castobject created when sediment fills a mold and becomes a rock
- 50index fossilFossils or organisms that lived during a relatively short, well-defined time span
- 51absolute datingprocess of establishing the age of an object, such as fossil or rock layer, by determining the number of years it has existed.
- 52isotopesAtoms of the same element that have the same number of protons but have different numbers of neutrons
- 53radioactive decaya process in which radioactive isotopes tend to break down into stable isotopes of other elements.
- 54radioactive datingdetermining the absolute age of a sample based on the ratio of parent material to daughter material
- 55half lifethe time it takes for one half of a radioactive sample to decay
- 56crustthe outermost layer of the earth
- 57mantlelayer of the earth between the crust and the core
- 58coreextends from the bottom of the mantle to the center of the earth
- 59lithospherethe outermost, rigid layer of the earth. Made of two parts- the crust and the upper part of the mantle
- 60asthenosphereSoft layer of the mantel on which pieces of the lithosphere move
- 61mesosphereBeneath the asthenosphere is the strong, lower part of the mantle
- 62outer coreLiquid layer of the earth’s core that lies beneath the mantle and surrounds the inner core
- 63inner coreSolid, dense center of our planet that extends from the bottom of the outer core to the center of the Earth
- 64tectonic platesPieces of the lithosphere that move around on top of the asthenosphere
- 65continental drifttheory that continents can drift apart from one another and done so in the past
- 66sea-floor spreadingProcess by which new oceanic lithosphere is created as older materials are pulled away
- 67plate tectonicstheory that the earths lithosphere is divided into tectonic plates that move around on top of the asthenosphere
- 68convergent boundaryWhen two tectonic plates push into one another, the boundary where they meet is the convergent boundary
- 69subduction zoneThe region where oceanic plates sink down into the asthenosphere is the subduction zone
- 70divergent boundaryWhen two tectonic plates more away, the space in-between them is the divergent boundary
- 71transboundaryWhen two tectonic plates slide past each other horizontally it is the transform boundary
- 72stressAmount of force per unit are that is put on a given material
- 73compressionthe type of stress that occurs when an object is squeezed, as when two tectonic plates collide, is called compression
- 74tensionAnother form of stress when an object is squeezed, as when two tectonic plates collide, is called compression
- 75foldingOccurs when rock layers bend due to stress in the earth’s crust
- 76normal faultCauses the hanging wall to move down relative to the footwall
- 77reverse faultCauses the hanging wall to move up relative to the football
- 78strike- slip faultoccurs when opposing forces cause rock to break and move horizontally
- 79five characteristics of a mineralsolid, inorganic, naturally occurring, definite chemical composition, definite crystalline structure
- 80Classify minerals according to the two major compositional groupsSilicate and NonSilicate Minerals
- 81Classify minerals using common mineral identification techniquesColor, Luster, Streak, Cleavage, Fracture, Hardness, density, special properties
- 82Explain special properties of mineralsFluorescence, chemical reaction, optical properties, radioactivity, magnetism, taste
- 83Describe what makes a mineral crystal a gemThey are attractive and rare
- 84Describe the environments in which minerals are formedThe cooling of magma, Hot water
- 85Compare and contrast the different types of miningSurface Mining is removal of minerals near the surface of the earth and Deep mining is removing materials deep within the earth.
- 86metamorphic rockHeat and Pressure
- 87igneous rockMelting the cooling
- 88sedimentary rockCompaction and cementing
- 89sedimentFormed through weathering and erosion
- 90What can all of the rock types doAll rocks can turn into sedimentary rock through weather and compaction and cementing.
- 91What do rocks turn into as a result of weathering and erosion?rocks turn into sediment
- 92List and describe two characteristics of rock that are used to help classify it.Texture – the roughness of the surface of the rock
Composition – the minerals that the rock is composed of (i.e. felsic and mafic). - 93How do the three types of sedimentary rock form?Clastic – composed of fragments of other types of rocks and minerals
Chemical – forms from solutions of minerals and water
Organic – composed of solid remains of once- living organisms (skeletons and shell) - 94Describe how the mineral composition of rocks change as they undergo metamorphismOriginal minerals change into minerals that are more stable in the new temperature and pressure conditions
- 95What are the differences between felsic and mafic igneous rocks? Provide examples for each.Felsic contain more silicate minerals – Granite and Rhyolite
Mafic contain more iron and magnesium – Gabbro and Basalt - 96What is the difference between how igneous rocks are formed on the surface and how they are formed below the surface?Those formed on the surface, are extrusive and cool quickly. As a result they are fine grained.
Those formed under the surface are intrusive and cool slowly. As a result they are coarse grained - 97Describe the 3 different ways that rock can melt and form the magma that later cools to form igneous rockTemperature – Increase in temperature deep within the Earth’s crust
Pressure – The high pressure deep within the Earth is released and as a result the rock turns to liquid
Composition – Fluids like water enter a rock and lower the rocks melting point - 98What are 4 main intrusive igneous rock formations?Pluton- A body of intrusive igneous rock
Sill- A tabular sheet of igneous rock intruded between and parallel with the existing strata
Laccolith (Mushroom): A mass of igneous rock, typically lens-shaped, that has been intruded between rock strata causing uplift like the shape of a dome
Batholith- A very large igneous intrusion extending deep in the earth’s crust - 99Contrast uniformitarianism and catastrophismUniformitarianism is different from catastrophism because uniformitarianism states that geologic process used today is the same process that is used in the past. Catastrophism is a theory that states that all geologic change occurs suddenly. They are similar because both theories are used in modern geology.
- 100Describe how the two theories have contributed to modern-day Earth Science They still use both methods todaythey have both helped us figure out what we know about the earth today
- 101Explain how relative dating is used in geologyIt helps determine if an object or event is older or younger than another object or event
- 102Explain the principle of superpositionit is a principal that states that younger rocks lie above older rocks in undisturbed sequences
- 103Demonstrate understanding of geologic columnThey use data from rocks around the world to figure out where the rocks lay in the geologic column from oldest to youngest.
- 104Identify two events or features that disrupt rock sequencesFault and Intrusion. Fault is a break in the earth’s crust along with blocks of the crust slide relative to one another. Intrusion is molten rock from Earth’s interior that squeezes into existing rock and cools.
- 105Explain how radioactive decay occursUnstable isotopes break down into stable isotopes resulting in a parent material and daughter material. A neutron changes into a proton and ejects an electron.
- 106Explain how radioactive decay relates to radiometric datingRadioactive decay is the rate at which unstable isotopes decay, and can be used to identify the date of a rock or fossil based on that rate.
- 107List three types of radiometric datingCarbon 14 within 50, 000 years
Potassium – Argon 100,000 years +
Uranium-lead 10 million years + - 108Determine the best type of radiometric dating to use to date an objectCarbon-14 best used for recent fossils/rocks
- 109describe how different types of fossils are formedAmber – Bug lands in tar, then more tar covers it up and the tar hardens so that the insect is preserved
Tar –An organism, such as a mammoth, is trapped in a tar pit and dies. The tar soaks into its bones and stops the bones from decaying.
Mumification - when organisms dry out before some parts decay
Permineralization – A process where minerals
Petrification - Occurs when the organisms tissues are completely replaced by minerals
Frozen – If a wholly mammoth slips into ice water, with no way out, it will freeze in the water, and will thaw out later - 110List the types of fossils that are not a part of an organismCopralite – feces
Casts – cavity in the ground where an organism once was.
Molds – Present where a mold fills in - 111Demonstrate how fossils can be used to determine changes in environments and in the organisms the fossil came form.Specific animals and plants are capable of surviving in specific environments. Based on the types of animals present scientists can determine the environment in which they lived.
- 112Demonstrate an understanding of geologic time scaleEons – The largest divisions of geologic time (Archean, Proterozoic, Phanerozoic
Eras – 2nd largest division of time – Cenozoic “recent life”, Mesozoic “Age of reptile”, Paleozoic “old life”
Period – 3rd largest
Epoch – 4th largest - 113Identify the Eon we know the most about and explain why.The most is known about the Phanerozoic Eon due to the rock in fossil representation on the Earth
- 114Explain what Periods are currently present in Mahaska County, Iowa.In Mahaska the Mississippian and Pennsylvanian Periods of the Paleozoic Era are currently exposed.
- 115identify and describe the layers of the Earth by what they are composed of:Crust: Outermost layer of the earth with a composition of granite and basalt
Mantle: Layer of earth between crust and core, mineral olivine, which has large amounts of iron and magnesium
Core: Iron, nickel, sulfer, oxygen - 116Identify and describe the layers of the Earth by their characteristics:Asthenosphere: soft layer of the mantle on which pieces of the lithosphere move
Lithosphere: outermost, rigid layer of the earth
Mesosphere: strong lower part of the mantle
Outer core: Liquid ayer of the earth’s core Inner Core: Solid, dense center of our planet that extends from the bottom of the outer core to the center of the Earth - 117Define tectonic platePieces of the lithosphere that move around on top of the asthenosphere
- 118explain how scientists know about the structure of Earth’s interior:they know from earth quakes
- 119Describe Wegener’s theory of continental drift, and explain why it was not accepted at first:It stated that continents can drift apart from one another and have done so in the past. It was not accepted because they could not prove that such a force could move the earth
- 120Explain how sea-floor spreading provides a way for continents to move:tectonic plates move away from each other, the sea floor spreads apart and magma rises to fill in the gap.
- 121Describe how new oceanic crust forms at mid-ocean ridgesthe molten rock at the mid-ocean ridges contains tiny grains of magnetic minerals. These mineral grains act like compasses. They align with the magnetic field of the Earth. Once the molten rock cools, the record of these tiny compasses is literally set in stone.
- 122Describe three forces thought to move tectonic platesRidge Push: The process by which an oceanic plate slides down the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary. Slab Pull: The edge of the oceanic plate sinks and pulls the rest of the tectonic plate with it a process called slab pull. Convection: Hot material from deep within the earth rises while cooler material near the surface sinks.
- 123Describe thee types of tectonic plate boundariesConvergent boundary: When two tectonic plates push into one another, the boundary where they meet is the convergent boundary. Divergent: When two tectonic plates move away from one another. Transform: When two tectonic plates slide past each other horizontally
- 124Explain how scientists measure the rate at which tectonic plates moveGPS, By recording the time it takes for the GPS ground stations to move a given distances.
- 125Describe Major types of foldsAnticlines: opposite, coming out of the ground and Synclines: downward, trough like folds
- 126Explain how the three major types of faults differNormal causes the hanging wall to move down relative to the footwall. Reverse: causes the hanging wall to move up relative to the footwall. Difference between them: Normal faults have obviously moved relative to the other, by looking at the sequence of sedimentary rock layers. Reverse faults you can tell by the positions of the two dark layers that the hanging wall has vowed down relative to the footwall.
- 127Name and describe the most common types of mountainsFolded, fault-block, volcanic Folded: form when rock layers are squeezed together and pushed upward. Fault-block: Fault-block: form when faulting causes large blocks of the Earth’s crust to drop down relative to other blocks. Volcanic: Form when molten rock erupts onto the Earth’s surface
- 128explain how various types of mountains formthe collision of tectonic plates
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- FlashCards sobre earth science semester test part 1, criado por kelsey comstock em 03-01-2017.
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- kelsey comstock
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