Flashcards
Cereals
Flashcards do conjunto (71)
- 1What is the most commonly grown crop in the UK?Winter Wheat
- 2When are "Winter" crops drilledAutumn
- 3Name minor types of CerealsOats
Rye
Triticale - 4How do you identify Barley from Wheat?Barley has long, clasping, hairless auricles.
Wheat has short auricle which don't encircle stem and are often hairy - 5Name the 3 phases of crop developmentFoundation
Construction
Production - 6What is a 'tiller'?Stems from the base of the plant
- 7How long/when is the Foundation (vegetative) stage?From sowing to GS 31 (1st Node)
Roughly Sept - End Mar/Early April
From sowing to start of stem extension - 8What is happening during the Foundation Stage?Plant is rooting and producing leaf and multiple stems (known as tillers)
Yield bearing shoots and primary roots form - 9How long/when is the Construction phase?From GS31 - GS61 (Start of Flowering)
First node to flowering
Early April to Early June - 10What is happening during Construction stage?Reaches full canopy, stem elongation and ear formation
- 11How long/when is the Production (Harvest) Stage?GS61 - GS92
Early June to Mid August
Flowering to Harvest - 12What is happening during Production stage?Post-flowering - grains fill and ripen.
- 13Name 3 environmental effects on growth stagesVernalisation
Temperature
Day Length - 14What is Vernalisation?Period of cool weather (0-12degC) required by autumn drilled cereals for flowering
- 15What do cereals need to do after drilling?Establish
- 16Name for Cereal side shoots?Tillers
- 17What is a Node?TBC
- 18What is 'booting'?tbc
- 19What does TGW stand for?Thousand grain Weight
(the average weight of 1000 seed grains) - 20What is the typical TGW for winter wheat?50g
- 21What effect does a low TGW have on seed rate and cost?Low Thousand grain rate will reduce the seed rate required and the seed cost per hectare
- 22What effect does a high TGW have on seed rate and cost?High Thousand grain rate can increase seed rate and cost dramatically
- 23What is the typical plants/sqm for Winter Wheat for late Sept drilling?200 plants/sqm but will be higher for later drilling
- 24What is the target drilling depth for winter wheat? And how can this affect expected establishment %?4cm - too deep will reduce emergence / too shallow can reduce due to lack moisture
- 25What soil types tend to have a better expected establishment %?Sandy soils 90%
- 26Germination capacity of seed is typically ___% for bought seed?90% but variable for home-saved seed
- 27How can high seed rates lead to poorer establishment?due to "in crop" competition
- 28How can time of drilling affect expected establishment % ?Later drilled plants have less time to tiller so will have fewe stems/plant in spring.
- 29Name some factors affecting expected establishment %pests/disease
frost damage
frost heave
poor drainage - 30What is Frost Heavetbc
- 31When does Rooting peak?In construction phase at GS61 (Anthesis)
It is slower in Foundation and Production - 32Good rooting improves?water and nutrient uptake
- 33What is 'Rooting'tbc
- 34What is 'Sowing'tbc
- 35WHen is typical sowing dates for winter wheatMid to late September
- 36Earlier drilling increases risks of?Lodging
frost damage
diseases
Weed germination is also increased - 37Later drilling is likely to?Have a lower yield potential
- 38When is typical harvest period for Winter Wheat?Early to Mid August
- 39When is typical timing of T0 Fungicides?GS30
(mid-late March) - 40When is typical timing of T1 Fungicides?GS31-GS32
(mid-late April) - 41when is typical timing of T2 Fungicides?GS37-39
(mid-late May) - 42When is typical timing of T3 FungicidesGS59-69
(Early-Mid June) - 43What is the most damaging weed in WheatBlackgrass
- 44Typically w wheat has how many fungicides?4
called T0-T4 - 45What is 'Rolling'?tbc
- 46Rolling is a useful operation for the control of?Slugs
- 47Disease control in wheat can typically increase crop yield by?50-100%
- 48'Heavy' soil tends to have a high content of?Clay
- 49Soil pH is a measure of?Soil acidity
- 50What is RB209?Fertiliser manual
- 51A herbicide which has a residual mode of action works mainly through?Soil
- 52What does NVZ stand for?Nitrate Vulnerable Zone
- 53What is Lerap?Buffer zone next to water
- 54Fungicides are best applied as?Protectants
-when disease is low or absent - 55What is the most damaging disease in wheat?Septoria tritici
-control requires multiple sprays of fungicide mixtures to avoice resistance - 56What is the 2nd most damaging disease in wheat?Yellow rust
-very aggressive, high yielding varieties very prone. protectant sprays are best - 57Name some diseases in Wheat?Septoria tritici
Yellow rust
Powdery Mildew
Brown rust
Eye Spot - 58What are PGR's used for in W Wheatto shorten and strengthen stems or improve root anchorage to reduce lodging
- 59How could you reduce spraying costs of PGR's?mix with fungicides/herbicides
- 60What is a major pest of winter wheat? (particularly from sowing to GS13)Slugs!
- 61Name for wheat destined for bread making?Milling
- 62Name for aphid-borne autumn disorder?BYDV
- 63What does BYDV stand for?tbc
- 64Stem boring pest in cereals in Jan/Feb?Wheat Bulb Fly
- 65What does N stand for?Nitrogen
- 66In winter wheat N is typically applied how many times?3 applications
-end feb, mid april (GS31-32) & end april (GS33) - 67Bread wheat typically has a 4th application of N known as?A foliar spray
- 68Milling wheat has 4th N application at what stage?GS73
Milky ripe as foliar spray to increase protein in the harvested grain - 69What is the national average yield for winter wheat?8t/ha
-but farm yields can vary between 6-12t/ha with 10 t/ha a common target - 70When is typical Harvest for Winter wheat?Early/Mid August
- 71—
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- FlashCards sobre Cereals, criado por Jake Butt em 24-01-2017.
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- Jake Butt
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