Flashcards
HIST 2P04
Flashcards do conjunto (153)
- 1Annalsextremely brief year by year mentions of important events
useful but often leads you wishing for more detailed information
eg. Irish Annals of Ulster - 2Chronicle- still brief but slightly more detailed year by year accounts of important events
- both annals and chronicles tend to be factual and lack causality
-produced in monasteries with regional focus, purpose = to record key events but also related to church/regional/ruler identities
-eg. Anglo Saxon Chronicle, Chronica Majora - 3Matthew Paris-very prolific, one of the most famous historians of medieval England
-illustrated his works
-rare that we can attribute a particular text to a certain person
-wide ranging, universal - 4Histories and related works- often arranged chronology, more detailed than annals/chronicles
-eg. Gentis Scottorum 1370's: important for its comprehension, shows national identity development - 5Gerald of Wales- churchman, member of court, historical literary, poems, saints' lives
- works on Ireland and Wales
-does have a clear political agenda; texts = useful (giving information for scarce areas) - 6Biographies-generally of kings, but also prominent nobles
-eg. The Bruce; one of our main sources for the reign of Robert the Bruce
-problem = is it history? literature? propaganda? entertainment? ... ALL OF THE ABOVE - fun to read but interesting to pick apart - 7Serious Entertainment-meant to engage you, performed
-histories were also meant to have a lesson, didactic purpose
-may be a prologue/preface; telling you that histories are teachings to avoid situations
-thinking about who is the audience - 8Hagiography-"sacred biography"
-lives of the saints
-very common genre of writing during the Middle Ages - more or less a biography BUT it's not complete in the sense that we would want, no background information, looks like catalogue of good deeds/miracles
- lots of saints, criteria = broad
- Church is starting to tighten it up during the period of our study
-one of the best ways was to go out and convert non-Christians, or getting your martyr status
-famous martyr = Thomas Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury - 9"Reading against the grain" ... hagiographies-these bodies of material are massive and cannot be ignored
-not created to be historical in nature, but they demonstrate the sanctity of the individual
-designed to support their cases for sainthood - 10Theological and liturgical material-homilies and religious tracts
-sermons
-original purposes are not historical, but the information they provide is useful - 11Literature: poetry-role and place of bards in early Celtic and Germanic societies transcend
- embraced genealogies, praise poetry, eulogies
-remembrance of events
-bards often fought in the battles that they wrote about
-poets = patronized by kings and chieftains - 12Literature: songs-political and popular songs/rhymes
-verses on big events (eg. execution of William Wallace 1305)
-peasant songs on complaints against lords: shows you a different world - 13Oral tradition and Sources-many written sources began as oral tradition before being written down
-complex interrelationship between oral tradition and written sources
-shift from memory --> written record - 14Charters-written record of transfer of land or rights/privileges
-uneven distribution throughout British Isles
-problems of alterations and forgeries
-problems of survival - 15Lawcodes-invaluable information about the organization of society, admin, royal control
- 16Records of Government-important
-bureaucracy develops significantly
-as government proliferates, there is a corresponding increase in documentation
-11th C = no gov't docs., by end of 14th/15th C = endless # - 17Chancery-writing office, headed by chancellor (usually a churchman)
-where many of the gov't documents were produced - charters, letters, etc.
-kept copies for themselves - 18Exchequer-essentially the financial department
-kept files, looked after crown revenues, auditing the sheriffs
-weath of information about all kinds of things
-checker board to count stuff out - 19Domesday Book-ENgland's most famous and earliest surviving public record 1085-6
-sent people throughout England to survey everything
-information was gathered together and compiled
-nothing comparable was attempted until 19th C - 20Kinds of Ecclesiastical records-REGISTERS: records of business conducted by bishops
-VISITATION REPORTS: bishops were supposed to visit their parishes
-COURTS: had own separate legal system, churchmen accused of particular crimes went to church courts
-CHARTERS - 21The survival of sources-what now survives is a fraction of what existed
-virtually impossible to say how representative the sample is
-documents were more likely to survive if they related to church matters
-regional variation
-generally, England was much better served than other areas like Wales, Scotland, Ireland
-the further back in time, the less sources become available - 22Sources: conclusions-the variety and complexity of sources for med. Brit.
-challenges of using medieval sources
-reading against the grain: mining historical information from documents that were not necessarily intended to provide it - 23Economies of Medieval British Isles-Rural and Agricultural nature of medieval society in British Isles
-land = greatest determinant of life - 24Little Domesday-475 leaves, 6 scribes, 9-12 weeks to complete
-covers Essex, Norfolk, and Suffolk
-"first draft" - 25Great Domesday-413 leaves, 2 scribes, 17-24 months
-covers all of England (with some exceptions)
- organized by region - 26Population Levels (Domesday)-difficult to estimate
- Scotland, Ireland, and Wales = even harder because there was no records like that
-most scholars estimate about 1-2 1/2 million
-doubles within the next couple of centuries - 27Limitations to the Domesday- doesn't cover every place: city of London, churches, Northern England = excluded
- 28Domesday Landscapes-ploughland, meadows, pasture, woodland, vineyards
-regional variation
-English countryside has been intensively worked since Roman times
-many plough teams (8 oxen)
-6000 water mills
-25% =meadow/pasture
-inland and coastal fisheries
-salt mining references - 29"Wasteland" (Domesday)-term for land that is no longer cultivated, or land devastated by warfare, fire, etc.
- 30"Forest"-not necessarily a wooded area, but space reserved for King and his nobles as hunting territories (forbidden territory for others)
- 31"Boroughs"- towns
- a community that survives by agriculture + something else (some other industries that make it function)
-treatment of towns in Domesday Book is erratic
-represents 10% of the population - 32Manor (Domesday)-an agricultural estate or unit of lordship, varying in size
-basis of the Domesday survey
-packets of land with elite owners and tenants
-"tenants-in-chief" were the aristocratic elite, held land directly of the king and owed military service - 33Land Distribution (Domesday)-17% held by the king and family
-54% tenants in chief - 34Itinerant kingship-kings and nobles were constantly on the move, and they would have to bring money with you (in barrels if necessary)
-kings had to show their presence/authority, needed resources from multiple locations, etc. - 35Freedmen/ Sokemen-free peasants
-performed less work, and paid less rent
-had obligations to the land, but a lot more rights & privileges - 36Villeins-unfree, approx. 40% population
-wealthiest of the unfree - 37Bordars & Cottars-owed a greater burden of service, and smaller holdings
- 38Slaves-about 10% population in DB; slavery on its way out by 12thC
-wholly unfree; chattels; no land
-lots of female slaves, especially in cloth production - 39Scotland and Wales Populations-not as well-informed, no DB
-higher proportion of highland, stock-raising
-lots of cattle and sheep
-little to no towns until 1100's
-similarities to Brit: social hierarchy and land distribution system, different terminology - 40"Medieval Warm Period"-c.950-1250
-warm, dry summers and mild winters
-1315-1322; harsh winters and crop failures, famine
-10-15% mortality rates - 41The Luttrell Psalter-psalter = book of psalms
-309 leaves of vellum, put together by a single scribe
-famous as a source of pictorial evidence of everyday life - 42Bayeux TapestryAn amazing cloth, spanning about 70m long, tells the story on the conquest of England with brief Latin captions, end of it = missing, origins of the source are debated.
- 43Cnut The Great 1016-1035-number of Danish members brought into the country
-nobility makeup = changed
-exile of English princes (incl. Edward)
-Anglo-Scandinavian England: new men, Danish newcomers were established, but members like Godwin of Wessex showed that there were still powerful English nobles in the south
-'North Sea Empire': ruling both Denmark and England, in Scandinavian orbit - 44Normans-settled by Scandinavians, who lived in the upper part of French, starting early 10th C
-Hrolf: giving land to keep other Vikings out, had to convert to Christianity, Vikings become Christian and French (speaking the language, fighting on horseback)
-William the Conquerer = descendent of Hrolf - 45Normandy & England, 991-1042-991: agreement between King Athelred of England and Duke Richard II of Normandy
-1002: Richard's sister Emma marries Athelred
-beginnings of Norman influence in England, some mark the marriage as the event that won Normans power in England
-complicated three way access between England, Normandy, Scandinavia - 46Edward the Confessor r.1042-1066Edward had a lot of Norman influence, as he spent his exile in youth in Normandy. He spoke French comfortably and brought over French friends/bishops. Norman influence intensified during his reign. Edward had a rivalry with the Godwin family. There was an alleged offering of the crown to cousin William of Normandy in 1051 (however there is no physical proof of this promise). Edward had a reputation of personal piety, he was never able to produce an heir. His rivalry with Godwin of Essex, a powerful English noble in the south, caused the nation to be on the brink of civil war at various points - but it never split over.
- 47Death of a king (succession crisis of 1066)When Edward the Confessor died without an heir, there was a bitter rivalry between William of Normandy or Herald (son of Godwin)
- 48Herald (son of Godwin) r.January 6 1066- October 16 1066Herald had taken control of family's power when his father was unable. He was the leading general during the reign of Edward the Confessor and led English armies against the Welsh. After Edward's death, English nobles had an assembly and chose Herald to be the successor. He had always been on the scene, probably chosen for that. His crowning did not go over well with William, who starts gathering an army/fleet to invade England. As well, Harald Hardrada, king of Norway, was planning attack as well.
- 49Harald Hardrada, king of Norway, r. 1042-1066Due to family connections with Cnut, Harald also feels he has claim to the throne. In September both William and Harald set off to invade. Harald was victorious at first, but was eventually defeated in the Battle of Stamford Bridge, Sept. 25. William does a quick force march and fights Harald of Norway and wins, a couple days later he is forced to move south quickly to fight Herald.
- 50The Battle of Hastings, October 14 1066William had been devastating lands in the south during his invasion. He forced Herald's hand to fight before he was ready. This battle was one of the most famous of British history. It has been often presented as a walkover for the Normans, however; this was not the case. The battle lasted the entire day. King Herald dies in battle (important scene on Bayeux Tapestry). There were horrific accounts of carnage.
- 51The coronation of WilliamAfter his victory William moved rapidly to secure ceremonial, ecclesiastical, and commercial centres of southern England at Winchester, Canterbury, and London. On Christmas Day 1066: William was coronated at Westminster.
- 52A new ruling elite (Norman influence)William of Normandy had allied in a lot of favours to secure his win at Hastings, many had left Normandy to come fight with him. William rewarded these men with the re-distributed land of previous English noblemen, who had fled in exile or killed in battle.
- 53Tenurial RevolutionA revolution in land ownership, conscious of the mass re-distribution of lands in England post-Norman conquest. Consequently, there was a change of language in that French was now the language of the ruling elite.
- 54Medieval Wales: 1 people, many kings11thC Wales were one people but was heavily politically fragmented, divided into about a half-dozen kingdoms. Gwynedd was one of the most powerful regions. Border warfare and raiding of England was constant, regardless of Norman changeover. The Norman regime inherited a legacy of border warfare in the late 1060's. William's solution was to set up wealthy nobles align the coast - called Border Earldoms, in charge of reorganizing the frontiers of his kingdom. These new earls had significant powers with bigger chunks of land and more control, almost becoming kings within themselves. These earls increased the aggression of Normans in south-east Wales and north.
- 55Medieval Wales: The Norman ConquestThe notion of a conquest is too simplistic as there is a series, but it's not the same as England. The Norman conquest was largely driven through private enterprise of powerful earls, rather than royal initiative. As well, there was no evidence of a central, coherent plan. The consolidation of power was more piecemeal than the Norman conquest of England. Furthermore, the Normans never conquered all of Wales, stuck mostly to the coastal lines - some kingdoms do survive. It takes 200 years for the conquest to be finalized.
- 56Medieval Wales: The Normans in WalesThe Normans in Wales varied in geographical range as well as the degree of control they were able to exercise. Though we have more sources from the Normans, in a few Welsh sources they didn't seem that concerned about it - in some places (Gynwedd) the Vikings were a larger threat. Plundering and warfare had already been a significant aspect of Welsh politics - Normans as just another wrinkle? Some used Normans in their own political struggles as allies.
- 57Chepstow CastleIt was built over several hundred years on a river. The earliest surviving stone keep. It had an important strategical position and was even mentioned in DB!
- 58Medieval Scotland: many peoples, 1 kingMalcolm III (r.1057-1093), slayer of Macbeth, ruled Scotland and gave it a cohesive line of kings. He ruled over a number of different peoples: multi-ethnic/cultural/linguistic. There was an increasing sense of identity, but it was still in the making. Malcolm III's marriage to Margaret is seen as the key link to England. Their descendants ruled Scotland until 1286.
- 59Medieval Scotland: Normans in ScotlandThere was no Norman 'invasion'. Many Normans immigrated through the presses of adoption/ assimilation/infiltration. Many were brought by members of the Scottish family and given land and power. The Normans settled alongside the existing Scottish nobility, with laid down Scottish rules. The Scottish liked the French culture, which benefitted them in the long term.
- 60Medieval Scotland: old and newScotland mostly encountered immigration and colonization. There was the building of castles, churches, and charters. Knighthood became a thing. Increased government and administration. Unlike England and Wales, Scotland did not experience a tenurial revolution ... Not a lot of families had been displaced, Normans were assimilated peacefully. Unlike Wales, there is no distinction between native and colonial areas - the kings control the process without creating disruptions in Scottish society. However, there were uprising against Norman-izing Scottish kings in the north and west (highlands). Eg. the MacWilliam Family
- 61England and the Continent (Phases)Phase 1: Anglo-Norman Realm 1066-1140's ... Phase 2: Angevin Empire 1154-1204 ... Phase 3: Collapse 1199-1204
- 62Sources Of Unity1. Person of the ruler
2. Aristocracy
3. Management of the Realm
4. Church and Clergy - 63Ruling PatternsIt is interesting that all the kings of England who spent prolonged periods in England were generally military failures. Successful kings seem to have spent more time in France. Need to control extensive troublesome French lands. Most Queens of England were from outside the British Isles - matter of French politics.
- 64Anglo-Norman Realm, 1066's-1140'sWilliam I, William II, Henry I, Stephen. Four kings described as being the Norman kings of England, all making trips back and forth the channel
- 65AristocracyAfter the Norman Conquest and the redistribution of English lands to William's French supporters. By 1100s many aristocratic families held land on both sides of the Channel. Gap between English and Norman society was barely perceptible.
- 66Odo of BayeuxBishop of Bayeux c. 1050, named the earl of Kent 1067 - wealthiest landowner after William. He ruled England while William was in Normandy.
- 67Management of the RealmMost improtant organ of the govern't was the king's household. The government is wherever the king is, coherent unity. Not until the 12thC you see certain parts of the govern't settling down. IMPACT: constant movement created the need for development of written orders
- 68Church and ClergyThe church also held lands on both sides of the channel. There was a clearing of Engllish bishops for Norman ones. Many nobles make grants to monasteries. Churchmen were important figures of government, giving unity and structure.
- 69Succession Crisis of Henry I (Norman to Angevine Empire)1120: Henry I's son drowned in the sinking of the White Ship. 1127, 1131 Henry I forced nobles to swear oaths to Matilda, recognizing that a woman leader was less than ideal.
- 70Stephen of Blois1135: chosen as king, moves quickly to seize kingship. Was well-known, respected, and well-liked. Doesn't go well with Matilda side.
- 71Civil War "The Anarchy" to 1154Anarchy depicted Stephen of Blois' entire ruling: instable, neither side gaining clear advantage, turbulent.
- 72Angevin EmpireThe civil war during the reign of Stephen and rivalry leads to changes in the cross-channel empire. The Angevin Empire was a large region of France and traditional enemy of Normandy. Henry II (count of Anjou) marries Matilda and their party wins. Henry gains control of Normandy, Anjou, and is king of England. In 1152 he marries Eleanor of Aquitaine, gaining another large chunk of France.
- 73Eleanor of Aquitaine, 1122-1204Eleanor was first married to King Louis, and goes with him on a crusade - lots of scandal. They get a divorce in 1152 and she marries Henry Plantagenet almost immediately. She was the mother of 8 children, two of which would be the next kings. She led a rebellion against her own husband with her sons. She was very active in the reigns of Richard and John. She was known for her love of learning and courtly culture.
- 74Angevin KingsHenry II (1154-89), Richard I (1189-99), John (1199-1216)
- 75Angevin Empire vs. Anglo-Norman RealmThe Angevin empire was of a different nature than the Anglo-Norman realm. It was more a territorial conglomerate than a tight-knit unity, not integrated the same as Normandy. It was harder to govern and control, the nobility was more unruly and less united, BUT it was a 'family firm' dominated by the Angevin kings.
- 76Was it really an empire at all?No one called it at that time, coined in 1880s. No truly centralized government, no common laws, customs, or identity across lands. Good idea of empire if willing to use it loosely.
- 77King JohnLoses Normandy and Anjou, by 1204 John only controls England. One of the reasons for his bad reputation.
- 78The English Conquest of Ireland 1167-1210Ireland was the last region of the Isles to feel the impacts of the Normans - by second half of the 12th C. Problems with calling it an invasion, as Norman nobles associated themselves as English by this point. When Gerald of Wales writes bout it, he writes about the arrival of the English.
- 79Ireland c.1000One people (mostly). Political fragmentation, many kings - dynastic politics
- 80"high kingship"Three different levels: tribal kings, provincial kings, high kings. From time to time there were influential leaders.
- 81Religion in IrelandThey were thoroughly Christian, connected with contemporary developments in the church. Great Reform movement; papacy becoming more powerful, trying to exert power.
- 82Diamait Mac Murchada c.1110-1171In the 1120's he attempted aggressive expansion, which made himself a lot of enemies. 1152: apparent rape of one of his rivals' wives. 1162 He had great influence over Dublin, but by 1166 he was exiled. He then has a personal meeting with Henry II asking to recruit troops and recover his kingdom. Henry agrees because there had been previous encounters.
- 83Richard fitz Gibert de Clare aka StrongbowStrongbow succeeded his father as Eart in 1148, he held extensive lands in BI. Diamait recruites and Strongbow joins - have a mutual connection through a merchant. He goes because he's not in the good books with Henry II, he's looking for opportunities, was promised Diamait's daughter, was ambitious and aggressive
- 84Adventus Anglorum1167: Diamait and small force to back to Leinster, reinforce, and complete a mass expeditionary force. Dublin is captured in 1170. Diamait dies in 1171, by a counter attack of Celtic and Scands ... point at which English are established.
- 85Diarmait in historytraitor? modernizer?
Associated with nationalistic viewpoints and a look at his reformed religious orders, issuing charters, etc. - 86English invasion: two stages1: private enterprise - Strongbow ... 2: royal initiative 1171-1210 (Henry II)
Henry was concerned about Strongbow's influence, forces him to surrender Dublin - allowed to keep earl title - 87John de Courcy (d.1219) in UlsterCourcy came from less illustrious family of Strongbow. Was told that he could get Ulster if he conquered it. He turns himself into a powerful ruler, called himself "princeps of Ulster"
- 88Nature and Impact of English conquest of IrelandThe face of Ireland = transformed. Patterns of landholding and methods of land exploitation develop; such as castle building, conquest, settlement, creation of manors. New social system - laws, homes, food
- 89The Lewis Chessmen12thC, approximately 90 pieces. Found in 1831 on Isle of Lewis (Hebrides). Their style is Scandinavian, 10th/11th C, what are they doing on the 'periphery' of the British Isles?
- 90Archipelagic Approach to British HistoryWe assume an all-encompassing view. Have shown to have related but DIFFERENT histories. They look peripheral but were important locations as they first encountered the Scands.
- 91Viking SettlementThe earliest raids began from the 780s/790s. Settlement began from the 840s. By 1066, significant portions of BI are under Scand control. The northern/western isles & Isle of Man were controlled by Norweigian king.
- 92Harald Hardrada, 1066Battles of Fulford and Stamford Bridge. Why land at York - region with cultural influence. Known as the cruel ruler.
- 93Magnus Olafsson "bareleg" 1098, 11031098: generated a huge fleet to show rulers in charge. Asserts authority over the Hebrides and the Isle of Man.
- 94Hakon IV r.1217-63massive fleet in 1263, skirmish with the Scots.
- 95The earldom of Orkney vs. Isle of ManScandinavian rulers were called Orkney earls, semi-mythological origin tale in Saga. In Isle of Man, they also have a story of conquest with kings. Difference of earls and kings: may be because of the proximity to Norway
- 96Insular Kingdom: OrkneyProblem of joint earldom. Stuck between kings of Norway an Scotland. Some leaders were both warriors and administrators (Earl Thorfin Sigurdsson, the Mighty d.1065). Also notion of Renaissance vikings - cultured
- 97Insular Kingdom: Man and the IslesThe kingdom has control on both Isle of Man and Hebrides (later split). Olaf Godredsson - founder? manx power centres. Manx kings - Somerled
- 98Earl Sigurd the Stout and the Battle of ClontarfGood Friday 1014. Irish political struggle and Vikings fought on both sides. Scand troops gathered by Silkenbeard
- 99Wide-Reaching ContactsNorway: very important, royal expeditions, but earls and Manx kings travelled the other way as well. Scotland: many dealings with Scottish rulers, Scottish expansion West/Northward 13th C. Ireland: enjoyed close contact, 'three legs of man'
- 100Dysfunctional familiesinternal feuding was almost a constant problem. frequent divisions between many rulers.
- 101Viking Pirates vs. Christian PrincesCombination of pilgrimages, bishoprics, and crusades. Conversion of Sigurd the Stout c.995. Magnus Elendsson 10thC was an Orkney saint
- 102Sveinn AsleifarsonThe last Viking? one of the most significant characters of the Orkney Saga. Raider. Killed in 1170 on a raid to Dublin. The end of the Scand influence marks a major shift in British power
- 103Gwyneddnorthwestern Wales, mountainous, fertile, economic centre, protective, main residence of rulers
- 10413th C Welsh History1. Dominance of the dynasty of Gwynedd and attempts to create an autonomous unified principality of Wales... 2.Catastrophic defeat at hands of English and the destruction of native Wales
- 105Llwelyn ab Iorweth"The Great". One of the two dominant personalities, close to creating a unified Wales. Managing to build power, marrying the illegitimate daughter of King John c.1201 - allowing him some control/influence. Using Magna Carta to take advantage and consolidate his position. 1238: all princes in Wales swore alligences to his son. Dies in 1240, becomes unravelled. One of the greatest rulers in Wales; strengthening the position of Gwynedd, castle building (Dolbadurn castle - round), patron of the church, patron of poets.
- 106The problem of successionWhile English custom was primogeniture, Welsh law acknowledged the rights of all sons, including illegitimate ones. Llywelyn sought to secure succession of his son Dafydd but failed.
- 1071240-1256dynastic struggles between Dafydd and Gruffudd. "Wales had been pulled down to nothing."
- 108Llywelyn ap Gruffudd (d.1282)Gruffudd was the grandson of Llywelyn "The Great". There was a constant struggle for power in 1246-55, by about the early 1260's he begins calling himself Prince of Wales - this becomes acknowledged by English in Treaty of Montgomery 1267.
- 109Welsh opportunism?Were the accomplishments of both Llywelyns the result of taking advantage of internal dissent in England in the 13th C? (lots of baronial wars at this time, cooperated with English rebels)
- 110Llywelyn ap Gruffudd (PART 2)There were a reversal of fortunes in the 1270s. The death of Henry III and accession of Edward I - relations deteriorate. In refusing to swear fealty to the English king on multiple occasions, he puts himself in the hot seat. There were conspiracies of Dafydd and Gruffudd to kill Llywelyn, conspirators fled to England and were encouraged.
- 111Edward's First Welsh War 1276-77November 11 brought a formal condemnation of Llywelyn. The objective was to bring his rebellious ways down. Military operations began in spring, brilliant organization, royal army marched into Gwynedd.
- 112Treaty of Aberconwy, November 1277Llywelyn retains title Prince of Wales, even though he succumbs. He loses most of his lands, provisions are made for his brothers. Essentially, he lost face but kept title.
- 113Conflict of law and renewed warfareL was trying to get back some lands he lost to other Gruffudd. The issue became whether to use Welsh or English law, causing increasing tension and anxiety. Native customs were integral component of identity.
- 114Second Welsh War 1282-1283Causes: early 1282 there were rebellions in Wales. In March Dfydd attacks the Hawarden castle. The objective of the war was to finally put an end to Welsh resistance. L is slain in 1282 - Edward's triumphal progress through Wales. He removes relics of Welsh independence, wipes out the family.
- 115Aftermath of Second Welsh WarThere is a reorganization and redistribution of political map of Wales - Statute of Rhuddian 1284. Wales is officially back under English jurisdiction.
- 116Consolidation: castle buildingThis was the biggest programme of castle building in the history of the English crown. "Iron Ring" - controlling and instilling power of the English by encircling Gwynedd. They tore down monasteries founded by Welsh princes to build their own castles on top.
- 11713th C Scotland: Golden Age?The age of two Alexanders, 1214-1286. The making of a kingdom.
- 118Old and New in Medieval ScotlandHereditary monarchy. Money-minting, castle-building, charter-issuing kings. Aristocracy was increasingly Anglo-French in personnel and style. Creation of boroughs. Traditional inauguration ritual. Not displacing existing ruling families. Large parts of country remained Gaelic in speech.
- 119Inauguration of Alexander IIIFirst time of detailed description. Takes place outside, sits on The Stone of Scone, consecrated by bishop of St. Andrews, nobles pay homage, bard recites genealogy in Gaelic, NOT crowned
- 120Alexander II (r.1214-49)He was recognized as the heir by the time he was three and was groomed for power at a young age. He had proven military leadership and was called 'the fox' (had red hair and was cunning). Regarded as a highly successful Monarch.
- 121Alexander III (r.1249-1286)He is only 8 years old when he becomes the king of Scotland. During his minority he struggles for control of the monarch. By 1260 he has personal control and is working on the expansion into the west
- 122The NorthIn the north there is more internal colonization. It is more autonomous, some of the rulers call themselves kings. King realizing he had to expand into it - sent French/English families to settle it. He got the native aristocracy on his side.
- 123The Western IslesPart of the kingdom of Man and the Isles. Beginning in 1220's Scottish kings were increasingly interested in that area for expansion and resolving conflict of families. Done so through military and bargaining. By 1260s they come under Scottish control. 1266: Treaty of Perth, brings those territories under Scottish king control.
- 124terminology of KingdomUntil the 13th C the term Scotia had been applied narrowly. Becoming applied to whole territory. The terminology is inconsistent, not instaneous. The Treaty of Perth in 1266 reflected an emerging sense of national identity in Scotland.
- 125Aristocracy in Medieval Britain 1000-1300Tap into castle building as a key element. Notion of cultural empires - connection with French culture, how it permeates the BI
- 126Temple ChurchLondon, 1185. Built by Knight's Templar, HQ in BI. Holds a number of tomb effigies for the best knights.
- 127William MarshalOne of the few laymen with his own biography. Written in French commissioned by his family (c.1220s). He was the fourth son of a knight and lower nobility. Sent to Normandy to train as a knight. Becomes involved in the tournament circuit, is really good, ends up in the court of King Henry's son 'The young king'. Also comes to attention of Richard and Eleanor of Aquitaine - impressed. In service of kings for a few years, falls out of favour, back in favour. Considered Guardian of England at one point. Still fought at 72 years of age. He held of roles of soldier and general, hero, courtier, estate owner, regional magistrate, counsellor, politician, friend and patron of the church. He owned various lands in Normandy, Ireland, and Wales. He is an example of someone for whom borders were irrelevant.
- 128The Norman Origins of Knights and Knighthood in BIInstitution originates in Carolingian Empire. Military techniques and technology = cornerstone. Knights do not start off as being nobles, moving upwards in status takes a long time. Concept of service = important. Fellowship and solidarity as an exclusive club.
- 129The Conduct Code of ChivalryOriginates in the 11thC. Associated with the church trying to control violence and the Crusades. Code of conduct on the battlefield that you would take prisoners rather than kill enemies, etc. Ceremonies for becoming knights, dubbing with gifts. Ideals of courtly love.
- 130The diffusion of knighthood to "Celtic" regionsLeaders of Wales, Scotland, Ireland also attracted to career and ethos. King David I of Scotland - depicted himself as a knight.
- 131The Native EliteThe local nobility start to adopt titles and styles of knighthood. There was an aristocratic fellowship.
- 132The Kings of Man and the Isles on knighthoodManx rulers and nobles were knighted too! There wasn't Norman settlement here but they tapped into the aristocratic fellowship. Many instances of going off to England to be knighted.
- 133Wales on knighthoodKnighthood is known in Wales, Welsh royalty engaged with it. However, it is limited - didn't have the same appeal for Welsh families. Interested in the military technology, but didn't want to be like their colonizers.
- 134Ireland on knighthoodSimilar to Wales. There are knights in English parts but they didn't want to be like their conquerers.
- 135A Land of Churches and ChapelsChristianity was there since Roman 500's. No one knows exactly how many there were. At least 10,000.
- 136From Cradle to GraveChurch looked after your body (no hospitals), and your soul. Hospital by Henry of Blois.
- 137ParishesParish priests were the first point of contact for people with Christianity (where you would be baptized, married, buried). local representative of the church. Sizes and wealth varied.
- 138DiocesesMost important unit within the organization of the church. The area under control of a bishop, chief office in the church hierarchy. The bishop's church earned the special title of Cathedral. In England: adjustments following Norman conquest, appointments and personnel. In Wales and Scotland: development of territorial dioceses, which aligns these regions with the English/continental model, appointments and personnel.
- 139Durham CathedralTremendous architectural growth brought a wave of church building from 11th C thru to the beginning of 14th C, built over a relatively short period of time.
- 140Starting Point for Scottish WarsDeath of King Alexander 1286. Had been close Anglo-Scottish relations.
- 141The Kingless KingdomDeath of Alex III sparked a succession crisis. Infant granddaughter, Margaret the Maid, in Norway. A couple years before his death he tried to get nobles to swear an oath to her. She died on the voyage to Scotland. Establish the "Guardians": 6 nobles - 2 earls 2 bishops 2 barons in absence of Margaret. Reasonably effective but civil war = impending.
- 142The Great Cause 1291-1292Edward I corresponded, would help if the king saw him as his overlord. Amazing legal proceeding called the Great Cause - deciding who had the best claim to the throne. 2 Major claimants
- 143Robert Bruce c.1220-1295The grandfather of the man who becomes king. Old man at the time, but very vigorous.
- 144John Balliolb. 1250, much younger than Robert Bruce.
- 145The House of BruceExtensive cross-border land holdings; land England & Scotland. One of the senior figures in Scottish nobility, Robert I (b.1275) will become king.
- 146The House of BalliolAlso a prominent cross-border land holder, not so political on Scottish stage but had some affiliations.
- 147The DecisionBalliol was chosen, Bruce was bitterly disappointed. Buggered off. Chosen because of closer dynastic relations.
- 148John Balliol: The Unluckiest King in Scottish HistoryBruce family is not cooperating, Edward declaring Scottish nobles to come fight for him - Balliol losing his power. Forms "Old Alliance" with France, Edward declares war.
- 149Scottish War: war of the noblesDominated by the aristocrats. Doesn't last long: English beat Scots at Battle of Dundar, 1296. Edward begins triumph progress with court, humiliates Balliol through de-kinging ceremony. Ragmon Rolls - recognizing his superiority. Balliol imprisoned and exiled.
- 150Scottish War: popular resistance1297: series of uprisings against English administration. Wallace = one of the leaders. Wallace; came from lowest level of Scottish aristocracy, wanting to restore Balliol. Robert Bruce in 1297 joins in on the uprisings. Sept. 1297 Edward is defeated by Scots at the Battle of Stirling Bridge. Wallace - Scottish Robin Hood (seal)? Wallace the Guardian?
- 151Battle of FalkirkThe English return and absolutely defeat/crush the Scots. series of people take over the Guardianship, Edward never completely conquers Scotland in 1298, have to return each year. In 1305: issues a document for the Governemnt of Scotland - Scotland is conquered. William Wallace = executed in 1305.
- 152Robert Bruce: Robert I of Scotland, 1306-29grandson of competitor for throne. Becomes the head of the Bruce family, completes a coup in 1306. Kills a man in a church - big no no. 1306: inaugurated - technically king but didn't have a kingship ... needed recognition. Gets on top of domestic rivals, builds St. Andrew's Parliament in 1309. Bruce able to deal with domestic difficulties because of Edward I death. Spends five years consolidating his power and reclaiming English garrisons and castles.
- 153Bannockburn1314: Sterling Castle, Scots holding off English army. Chases Edward II off the field, kills a knight and got recognition from his people. Doesn't end the war though.
Informações
- Descrição
- FlashCards sobre HIST 2P04, criado por jessicamorris em 12-04-2014.
- Criado por
- jessicamorris
- Visualizações
- 58
- Avaliação