Flashcards
Sem título
Flashcards do conjunto (46)
- 1What was the standard early jazz format?Trumpet/clarinet frontline in unison or simple harmony
Melodies: blues based and repetitive
Steady swing beat in 4/4
Sousaphone or double bass basslines
Collective improvisation
Cup mute, portamenti and glissandi - 2Blues characteristicsVocal form from South of US
Strong in African-American community
Melancholy and sad lyrics
12-bar sequence
AABA lyric form
Blues notes in melodies - 3The Original Dixieland Jazz BandNew-Orleans style
Claimed to be originators of jazz (skin colour perhaps invalidates this)
First jazz band to play in UK
Frequent use of novelty effects e.g. sound of horse winnies (pushed entertainment value, contrast with Bebop) - 4Henderson Brothers styleChoirs of instruments (interplay of brass and reeds)
Call and response phrases
4/8 bar phrases
AABA form
Riff development - 5Benny GOodmanRadio show- 'Let's Dance' need arranger as popular (Fletcher Henderson)
compression of form for recording
1938- First concert hall jazz performance in NY (blurred distinction between high and low art aesthetics)
Integrated band at Carnegie Hall 1938 and had a mixed race trio - 6By 1940s Jazz had spread from New Orleans and Chicago to New York. What are the origins of Bebop?Reaction to dance music of Swing era
Art over entertainment (ODJB)
Emerged after hours in 1940s NYC night clubs (weren't originally open to public)
Difficult for white people to replicate and listen/dance to
Reflected urgency of NY lifestyle - 7Bebop musical features and comboMusical features:
Fast tempo and harmonic rhythm
Use of passing chords and cyclic turnarounds
Cross-phrase articulation
quavers= main rhythmic value
Chord based improvisation
Combo:
smaller groups than swing (movement from dance halls to clubs reflects this)
Typical combo: saxophone, trumpet,drums, bass, piano - 8What did Parker bring to Bebop?Extended harmonic vocab
Devised catalogue of licks
Made it humourous e.g. quoted Firebird
Codified (allowed Bebop to be taught) - 9Give 2 critiques of Bebop1) 'Bop violates one of the major characteristics of good art-ease'
2) 'Clinkers pass easily in bop' - 10Was Miles Davis a figurehead in all genres?Began career in Bebop era and transcended many of the genres that followed
'Miles Davis seemed to trigger a new shift in the music with each passing decade'
He had more value as a booking agent, bringing key figureheads together rather than originating his own style - 11Give 4 musical characteristics of Cool jazz.1) Emotional restraint: darker, softer sounds (softer drum strokes)
2) avoidance of vibrato
3) Soft dynamics
4) Melodic improvisation - 12Give 4 musical characteristics of West Coast Jazz.1) Inclusion of non-standard jazz instruments such as cello and flute in Chico Hamilton's Quartet
2) Layered textures (polyphony between Baker and Mulligan)
3) Omission of piano in Mulligan's Quartet
4) melodic rather than harmonic improvisation - 13How did Hard Bop originate?Progressed from Bebop
Reaction to growing Cool Jazz and West Coast Jazz scene on West Coast
Combination of Bop wit other musical forms such as R&B and gospel - 14Hard Bop musical features.Less complex harmonies than Bebop
Simple chord sequence
Clear driving beat
Melodicallt repetitive
Melodically influenced improvisation - 15What are the Coltrane changes?Coltrane built on chords from Giant Steps (1960)
He began to substitute standard harmonies
Unusual root movement down by major 3rds represent giant steps
Progressions in thirds, semitones and fourths - 16Ellington's Cotton Club residencyHis band played in residence at a cotton club
Black and Tan club (black danced for white)
Cotton club gave him a place to do arrangements and have regular performances (financial aid) - 17Ellington- classical or jazz?During the five year workshop period at the Cotton Club his band became the 'Duke Ellington Orchestra' which made people question whether his music was Art music
He refused to categorise his music into either classical or jazz genre - 18Comment on Ellington's 'jungle style'.In his 5 year workshop period at the Cotton Club, Ellington developed his 'jungle style'. This consisted of a growling bass, swooping saxophones and heavy tom-tom rhythms.
His piece 'Black and Tan Fantasy' (1927) comments to the primitive movement (intelligence of the jungle) - 19Who is Gunther Schuller?1955: Modern Jaz Society and MJQ
1957: Brandeis University
1957: Lenox School of Jazz - 20What is Third Stream jazz?1st stream classical, 2nd stream jazz
Joyner sees it more as 2 styles coming together not really a fusion of the 2 styles - 21Tell me a bit about Lenox School of Jazz.Lasted 4 summers
Academic staff: Bill Evans, George Russell, Dave Brubeck, Oscar Peterson
Practical and academic tutoring
Russell: Lydian chromatic concept
The School 'accelerated the diffusion and acceptance of new ways of playing and thinking about music' (Brubeck, 2002) - 22Why was 1959 the 'beginning of the beyond?''1959 was the year when jazz, as it is now, began'
Term Bossa Nova first used
Lydian Chromatic concept of Tonal Organisation for Improvisation (Russell) devised
Focus on 4 albums: Kind of Blue (Davis), Giant Steps (Coltrane), Coleman The Shape of Jazz to Come and Time Out (Brubeck): 'what can no longer be called jazz' - 23Name 3 musicians who took a stand against racism.1) Benny Goodman: integrated trio
2) Miles Davis: integrated nonet 'I wouldn't give a damn if he was green with red breath'
3) Johnny Dankworth: turned down $50,000 to travel around South America because certain types of people wouldn't be able to attend - 24Musical features of Free Jazz.Aim: To break down the barriers of structure, time, tonality and harmony
Musical features:
fragmented melodies
Little use of conventional harmony
Variety of melodic rhythm
Concentration on upper range of instrument (Coleman) - 25Ornette Coleman.Attended Lenox School of Jazz where he learnt to perform in a style freed from most of the conventions of modern jazz
Holistic approach: reflective liner notes
Harmolydic theory: reiteration in varied clefs and keys of the same musical materials thus producing a simple organum-like polyphony
Received a 5 star and a no star review - 26Give 2 examples of pre-formalised jazz education.1) Jane Addam's Hull House: instrumental education for girls (chicago)
2) Colored Waifs Home for Boys (New Orleans) - 27Give 3 examples of formalised jazz education.1) Berklee School of Music
2) Lenox School of Jazz
3) Leeds College of Music - 28How has the teaching of jazz been revolutionised?Jamey Aebersold books and cds
Critique: negate interaction of jazz
Chord-scale system: most widely used method for teaching jazz improv in colleges since 1970s - 29Give an example of American Jazz Rock.Chick Corea's 'No Mystery, no mystery' (1975)
jazz: jazz piano
Prog rock: virtuosic and odd time signatures
Rock: acoustic instrumentation and straight rhythms - 30Discuss Herbie Hancock's 'Headhunters' album as an example of American jazz-rock/fusion.First album to go platinum
Watermelon man:
James Brown: funky bass
Rock: studio techniques
African: music and album cover - 31Name the 2 ideological mentors with which Marsalis aligned himself.Albert Murray and Stanley Crouch
All strongly believed the future of jazz was in the past - 32Life of Marsalis.Musical director of Classical jazz at Lincoln Center (attributed concerts to jazz greats such as Charlie Parker)
Established Lincoln Center Jazz Orchestra
Under 30 policy introduced
Renamed programme Jazz at the Lincoln center: cultural voice but also restricts jazz musicians - 33Who were the young lions?The Young lions were a breed of late 20 something jazz musicians in NY in 1980s/90s who played in the Neobop idiom
- 34Who made a bet in the 1950s that they would be able to distinguish between a black and white musician playing jazz?Roy Eldridge made the bet with Leonard Feather
- 35Essay plan for jazz as an aspiration towards political freedom.p1) context
p2) Political overtones from beginning
p3) representation of political freedom
p4) Ornette Coleman
5) Charlie Mingus
6) John Coltrane
7) Max Roach
8) Doesn't represent political freedom - 36How has jazz had political overtones?Pre-jazz spirituals sung by slaves represented yearning for freedom
Ellington celebrated black culture in 'Black & Tan Fantasy'
Bebop- something whites couldn't play
Considerable freedom in pre-60s jazz: accompanists not free to speak as forcefully as soloist, bass and drum=subsidiary role, all instrumentalists bound by chordal structure, meter and tempo - 37Hows does Free Jazz represent political freedom?Negatively: rejects musical rules that restrict individual expression, disregards traditional hierarchical roles within group
Positively: creates group of individuals that maximized individual expression, polyphony
Rejected rules of harmony
Experimental with polyphony
Democratic community voiced by King seen in group improv - 38Charlie Mingus and political freedom.Wrote a lot of music commenting on politics e.g. 'Prayer for Passive Resistance'
He said he can't play it correctly without thinking about racial prejudice
Gives solos to bass and drums in 'Percussion Discussion' - 39How does Max Roach use jazz as a form of political freedom?Freedom Now Suite chronicled through music and lyrics the struggle of black freedom
Triptych: Prayer/Protest/Peace involves collective improvisation
Drums front line- broke tradition-freedom - 40How does John Coltrane use jazz as a form of political freedom?'Alabama' based on cadences of MLK speech
"Music is an instrument [that] can change the initial thought patterns that can change the thinking of people" - 41How does free jazz not represent political freedom?Freedom needed structure
Since music sounded as if it needed no training, professional standing was threatened - 42Origins of Jazz-rock/fusion.Jazz musicians wanted to capitalize on popular appeal of Rock music
The Free Spirits: first jazz-rock/fusion group to incorporate rock
Cream and Jimi Hendrix incorporated jazz elements e.g. extended free form improv
Criticised for pandering to popularity and accused of watering down Jazz conventions - 43How does Jazz-Rock relate to changing social conditions of the time?Important jazz venues shut doors
Major labels abandoned jazz to persue Rock
Public wanted rock- jazz sales plummeted-jazz musicians incorporated Rock
Bitches Brew received a Grammy
Put a pressure on jazz musicians to make a choice between convention and popularity
Fusion illustrates integration of black and now white music - 44British jazz as an imitation of American Jaz.Geraldo's Navy
Later 1 musician brought over
Melody Maker - 45British Jazz as a distinct style from American Jazz.Derived from American Jazz but became its own subgenre
Ministry of Labour ban- weren't able to imitate
Rhythm clubs
London=small hub
imitation or variation on a theme? - 46Give 9 criticsms of Jazz1) Early jazz: accurate? spontaneous?
2) Effect of drugs
3) Jazz scholars/critics may be biased
4) Tristan und Isolde
5) Note always accurate to define each subgenre of jazz by geographical location
6) Ellington orchestra- classical connotations?
7) Marsalis, Murray and Crouch: white musicians
8) 'White musicians are evaluating an art form from which they feel substantially alienated' (Crouch)
9) 'Social and ritualistic function jazz played within African American society ceased many years ago'
Informações
- Descrição
- FlashCards sobre Sem título, criado por emilymcgroarty em 27-05-2014.
- Criado por
- emilymcgroarty
- Visualizações
- 3
- Avaliação