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Back pain

Where does it happen

vertebral column

Intervertebral disc

Bones

ligaments

nucleus pulposes

annalus fibrosus

muscles

types

supraspinus ligament/ interspinus ligament/ ligamentum flava/ posterior and anterior longitudinal ligaments

superficial layers

latismus dorsi/ trapezius/ rhomboid major and minor/ levator scapulae

intermediate layer

move upper limb

serratus posterior superior and inferior

helps in respiration

Deep layer

Splenius (capitis and cervicis)

Erector spinae (spinalis/ longismuss and iliocostalis)

Transversospinalis

water and proteoglycans

causes

Bulging and rupture of disc

compression of

spine osteoarthiritis

Spinal Stenosis

compression of

Spinal cord

Trauma/ Heavy lifting/ poor sitting

can lead to

scoliosis

spine curving to the side instead of middle

Kyphosis

outward curvature of the back

lordosis

inward curvature of the back

normally found in thoracic and sacral segment

normally found in cervical and lumbar segment

epidimiology

Examinations

look

feel

Visual Analogue scale

temp/ bony landmarks/ palpate sacroiliac joint/ cervical rib

patients mark the amount of pain they feel

out of 10 or 100mm/ helps in comparing progression of pain on the same patient

move

flexion, extension and lateral flexion of cervical spine and flexion, extension, side bending and rotation of the lumbar spines

special moves

schober's test/ straight leg raising/ femoral nerve stretch test

Sciatica

Compression of sciatic nerve causes

risk factors

age/ obesity/ occupation/ diabetes

investigation

x-ray/ MRI/ CT

management

NSAIDS/ spinal injections of cortisone/ surgery/ physiotherapy

adherence to management

alternative medicine

aqupuncture/ thompson technique/ going to osteopaths and chiropaths

complications

loss of feelings of affected leg/ weakness of leg and cauda equina syndrome