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In the 1850's Louis Pasteur, a French Chemist, investigated problem of liquids turning sour in brewing and vinegar industries

More powerful microscopes became available which meant he could observe growth of unwanted small organisms in liquids

Discovered heating the liquid killed the bacteria and stopped liquid going sour

In 1861, he published germ theory stating that there were microbes in the air that caused decay. He proved spontaneous generation wrong because no decay happened if matter was placed in a sealed container. This showed that microbes causing decay weren't produced by decaying matter but were in surrounding air.

In 1875, Robert Koch, who had read his work decided to investigate whether bacteria were linked to disease. He worked with a team of scientists and was funded by German government, which led him to identify specific microbes that caused anthrax in sheep.

In 1879, Pasteur's research team was studying chicken cholera microbes and injecting the disease into chickens. A culture was accidentally left out and became a weakened version that didn't harm the chickens. He realised this could be used as a vaccine.

Koch identified microbes causing TB in 1882

Koch identified the microbes causing cholera in 1883

Koch found that using chemical dyes he could stain specific bacteria so could be studied more easily under a microscope