Quantum Phenomena

Quantum Phenomena

1. The Photoelectric Effect

   • Electrons are emitted from the surface of a metal when electromagnetic radiation above a certain frequency is directed at it.
   • Photoelectric emission does not occur if the incident electromagnetic radiation is below the threshold frequency.
   • The number of electrons emitted is proportional to the intensity of the incident radiation.
   • As soon as the incident ray is directed at the surface, emission will occur without delay.

2. Ionisation

   • Any process of creating ions is called ionisation
   • Alpha, Beta and gamma radiation creates ions when they collide with atoms of a substance.
   • Electrons passing through a fluorescent tube creates ions

3. Excitation

   • Occurs at specific energy values known as excitation energies.
   • Causes electrons to move up an energy level.
   • Excitation occurs at a lower energy that ionisation because the electron isnt completely removed.
   • During de-excitation, a photon is emitted.

4. Wave-particle duality

   • Wave nature is observed through diffraction of light.
   • Particle nature is observed through the photoelectric effect.

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