c++ programming language

c++ programming language

1. C++ Character set

   • IT IS SET OF VALID CHARACTERS THAT A  LANGUAGE CAN RECOGNISE. C++ HAS the following set.
   • letters
     • A-Z a-z 
   • digits
     • 0-9
   • special symbols
     • , . - + = ; : ' 
   • white space
     • blank space new line horizontal tab etc 
   • other characters

2. Tokens

   • the smallest individual unit in a program is known as token.
   • operators
     • it performs some computation types of operator based on number of operands.  
     • binary operator
       • arithematic operator
         • + - * / %
       • relational operator
         • < greater than > less than <= less than equal to >= greater than equal to == is double equal to not equal to 
       • assignment operator
         • = equal to -= minus equal to *= multiplication equal to /= divided by equal to
       • Logical operator
         • It is used to combine with relational expressions which gives the value of true or false    && it gives the value true, if any only both the operands has true.   // it gives the value true if any only one of the operands is true. 
     • tertiary operator
     • bitwise operator
       • & - bitwise AND \ -   bitwise OR ^ - bitwise  XOR -it gives value 1 if there are odd number of 1s in the operands
       • & - AND
       • \ - OR
       • ^ - XOR
         • IT GIVES VALUE OF 1, THERE ARE ODD NUMBERS OF 1s IN OPERANDS.
   • punctuators
     • the seperators used in a program are called punctuators   
     • [ ]
       • IT INDICATES ARRAY INDEX
     • ( )
       • FUNCTIONS CALLS AND PARAMETERS
     • ,
       • FUNCTION ARGUEMENT LIST AS SEPERATORS
     • ;
       • STATEMENT TERMINATOR
     • :
       • LABELLED STATEMENT
   • literals
     • these are data items that never change their value during the program run. 
     • boot literals
       • it is used to represent on the two boot literal values - true false internally boot has true value of 1 and false value of 0.
     • Intergral literals(Constants)
       • this are code number without any decimal point
       • Decimal integer
         • an integer constant consists of sequence of digits, it should not begin with 0. DO YOU UNDERSTAND !? yes sir. 
       • octal integer
         • a sequence of digits starting with 0.
       • Hexa decimal integer
         • a sequence of digits 0-9
       • Non-graphical constants
         • these are characters that cannot be typed directly keyboard this can be represent by using escape sequence.  an escape sentence is ( / ) followed by one or more characters.     \t - horizontal tab \n - new line \" - double quote \' - single quote 
       • Floating constants
         • these are the numbers having fractional part, it can be represented either in fractional or in exponent. 
       • String literals
         • It is sequence of characters surrounded in double quote.  
   • identifiers
     • these are the fundamental building block of a program and are used for giving names to different part of the program like variables,class,functions,and arrays. 
     • rules
       • there is rules on identifiers -  1.it can contain letters,digits,and underscore.  2.it should not begin with a digit,it  is case sensitive. 3.a keyword cannot be used as identifiers 
   • keywords
     • these are the words that convey a special meaning to the language compiler these are reserved for special purpose and must not be used as normal identifiers names eg - If,switch,class,else,int etc 
     • These are fundamental building blocks of a program and are used for giving names to different part of program like variables,functions and arrays etc

3. Types of errors

   • compile time error
     • the error that occurs during compilation
   • run time error
     • the error that occurs during execution
   • syntax error
     • the errors that occurs when the rules of the programming language is violated or MIS USED it is compile time error.. 
   • semantic error
     • the errors that occur when statements are meaningless. Eg- X+Y =Z   // SEMANTIC ERROR 
   • TYPE error
     • It occurs when a function given wrong type of data
   • logical error
     • These are errors which causes a program to produce incorrect or undecide output. this error occurs when user uses a wrong logic.

4. variables

   • It refers to storage area whose constant can vary viewing processing.

5. I/O LIBRARY

   • predefined streams in I/O stream
   • CIN>>
     • it is iostream class object tied to standard input   cin -console input  
   • COUT<<
     • it is an iostream class object tied to standard output cout - console output&nbsp;
   • CERR
     • it is an iostream class object tied to standard error. cerr - console error&nbsp;

6. I/O OPERATOR

   • Insertion
     • &lt;&lt; - insertion / put operator is used to insert a value to the standard output. it is used with cout.
   • extraction
     • &gt;&gt; extraction&nbsp; get from operator, It is used to extract a value from standard input it is used with cin.&nbsp;

7. IO STREAM.H

   • it is the header file which includes all input and output operators&nbsp;