Anna's Out Of Breath

Anna's Out Of Breath

1. presents with

   • Shortness of breath (Dyspnea)
     • Definition
       • Is the uncomfortable awareness of breathing
     • Causes
       • Acute (hours to days)
         • Asthma
           • RTI
             • Lung tumors
               • Pleural effusion
                 • Metabolic acidosis
       • Sudden (Seconds to minutes)
         • Pulmonary embolism
           • Anaphylaxis
             • Pneumothorax
               • Chest trauma
                 • Aspiration
       • Chronic (months to years)
         • COPD
           • Cardiac failure
             • Fibrosing alveolitis
               • Anaemia
                 • Cystic fibrosis
   • Wheeze, waking up at night from wheeze
     • Causes
       • Asthma
         • Bronchiectasis
           • Bronchiolitis
             • Heart failure
               • Viral infections
                 • Emphysema (COPD)
                   • Pneumonia
                     • Bronchitis
                       • Aspiration
     • Definition
       • A high-pitched whistling sound during breathing. It occurs when air moves through narrowed breathing tubes.

2. Asthma

   • Definition
     • Chronic relapsing inflammatory disorder
       • Characterized by
         • Episodic reversible bronchospasm (air flow obstruction)
           • resulting from
             • Sn exaggerated bronchoconstrictor response to a variety of stimuli
   • Management
     • First-line drugs in treatment of asthma
       • Beta adrenergic agonists
       • Corticosteroids
     • Alternative drugs in treatment of asthma
       • Anticholinergic drugs
         • Anti-IgE antibodies
         • Methyxanthines (theophylline)
           • cromolyn
   • Pathophysiology
     • Bronchoconstriction, mucus production, inflammation, etc.
       • Increased Air way Resistance
         • Gas topping
           • Increased Alveolar-Carbon Dioxide tension
             • Hypercapnia
           • Decreased Alveolar-oxygen tension
             • Hypoxemia
               • Respiratory Failure
           • Increased Work of breathing
             • Hyper-extension
               • Increased Oxygen consumption
                 • Hypoxemia
   • Include
     • Obstructive Lung disease
       • affects the normal
         • Mechanism of Breathing
           • Inspiratory muscle contract
             • Thoracic cavity expands
               • Pleural pressure becomes more negative
                 • Transpulmonary pressure increases
                   • Lungs inflate
                     • Alveolar pressure becomes subatmospheric
                       • Air flows into the lungs until alveolar pressure equals atmospheric pressure
           • Cough
       • investigations
         • Pulmonary Function Tests
           • include
             • Spirometry
               • Lung Volumes
                 • Diffusion Capacity
     • Bronchiectasis
     • COPD
       • a type of
         • Chronic Bronchitis
           • definition
             • A persistent productive cough not attributable to other causes on most days for at least 3 months over 2 consecutive years.
           • Types
             • Simple chronic bronchitis
               • Chronic mucopurulent bronchitis
                 • Chronic asthmatic bronchitis
                   • Obstructive chronic bronchitis
         • Emphysema
           • Definition
             • Chronic lung disease
               • characterized by
                 • permanent enlargement of the airspaces distal to the terminal bronchioles (acinus)
                   • accompanied by
                     • destruction of their walls but without obvious fibrosis
           • Types
             • Centriacinar
             • Panacinar
             • Paraseptal
             • Irregular
   • Types
     • Atopic Asthma
       • A classic example of type I IgE–mediated hypersensitivity reaction
         • triggered by
           • environmental antigens, such as dusts, pollen, animal dander, and foods or Infection
     • Non-atopic Asthma
       • Respiratory infections
         • due to
           • viruses (e.g., rhinovirus, parainfluenza virus) and inhaled air pollutants
     • Drug-induced
       • Aspirin
     • Occupational
       • fumes, organic and chemical dusts, gases, and other chemicals

3. Her mom

   • Sylvia
     • presented with
       • Cold, Dysnea And Cough with yello sputum
     • Most likely suffered from

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