The Shoulder Joint

The Shoulder Joint

1. Joints

   • Types
     • Fibrous
     • Cartilaginous
     • Synovial
       • Shapes
         • Saddle
         • Plane
         • Hinge
         • Pivot
         • Ball and Socket
         • Ellipsoid
       • Axes
         • Uniaxial
         • Biaxial
         • Multiaxial
   • 2 or more bones meeting together

2. Anatomy

   • Bones
     • Clavicle
     • Scapula
     • Humerus
   • Muscles
   • The Joint

3. Movements

   • Extension
   • Flexion
   • Abduction
   • Adduction
   • Internal Rotation
   • External Rotation
   • Circumduction

4. Pathology of the shoulder

   • Adhesive Capsulitis
   • Gleno-humeral joint arthritis
   • Shoulder Impingemet Syndrome
     • Causes
       • Muscles imbalance
       • Incorrect technique
       • Over-training
     • Stages (Neer's Staging)
       • Stage 1
         • Reversible form
         • below 25 years old
         • edema, hemorrhage, acute inflammation
       • Stage 2
         • Fibrosis and tendonitis
         • irreversible form
         • between 25 and 40 years old
       • Stage 3
         • Above 40 years old
         • partial or complete cuff tears.
   • Rotator Cuff Tear
   • AC joint disruption
   • Bicipital Tendonitis

5. Examination of the shoulder

   • 1) History Taking
   • 2) Physical Examination
     • Inspection
     • Palpation
     • Range of motion
       • Active
       • Passive
   • 3) Special Tests
     • Impingement test
     • Scratch test
     • Apprehension test

6. Management

   • Rest
   • Physiotherapy
   • Surgery
   • Anthroscopy
   • Electrical Modalities

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