Vertebral Column

Vertebral Column

1. Anatomy

   • bones/joints
   • muscles
   • ligaments

2. common problem

   • back Pain
     • caused by
       • Degenerative disc disease
         • associated with
           • Loss of water from nucleus pulposus
           • Annular fibrosis ruptures
           • Osteophytes formation
       • Disk herniation
         • may lead to
           • Sciatica
             • definition
               • pain radiating to the leg from the lower back due to sciatic nerve compression.
             • symptoms
               • leg pain worstened by sitting
               • Weakness and numbness in the leg
       • scoliosis
         • symptoms
           • Painful menstruation
           • Limited mobility
         • causes
           • spinal deformities
           • genetic factors
         • definition
           • sideways curvature of the spine
     • management
       • first aid
         • 1-Arrest
         • 2-Balance
         • 3-Control
       • pharmacological
         • corticosteroids
           • classification
             • Glucocorticoids
               • causes
                 • Increased gluconeogenesis
                 • protein catabolism
             • Mineralocorticoids
               • causes
                 • salt-retaining
           • side effects
             • fat redistribution
             • cardiac arrhythmia
             • Immunosuppression
         • Skeletal Muscle Relaxants
           • Neuromuscular blockers
             • ex.
               • Tubocurarine
               • Mivacurium
             • side effects
               • Hypotension
               • increased intragastric pressure
           • Spasmolytics
             • ex.
               • Diazepam
               • Bacolfen
             • side effects
               • drowsiness
               • Sedation
         • NSAIDS
       • non-pharmacological
         • physiotherapy
         • Electrical stimulating current
         • Placebo

3. Physical examination

   • 1- introduction
   • 2- inspection
     • for
       • normal curvatures
       • deformity
   • 3- palpation
     • for
       • temprature
       • cervical rib
   • 5- special tests
     • Schober’s test
     • straight leg raise test
   • 4- movement
   • may include
     • electromyography (EMG)

Imagens e arquivos do mapa