Urinary bladder

Urinary bladder

1. Normal

   • Structure
     • Parts
     • Relations
     • Histology
   • Functions
     • Storage of the urine
     • It helps to expel urine from the body during urination by contraction of the detrusor muscle and the relaxation of the internal urethral sphincter.
       • Urine Concentration
         • Response to water intake
         • Corticopapillary osmotic gradient
         • Antidiuretic hormone

2. Abnormal

   • Urinary bladder cancer
     • Types
       • Benign
         • Papilloma
         • Leimyoma
       • Malignant
         • TCC
           • Urothelial papilloma
           • PUNLMP
           • Papillary urothelial cacinoma (low grade)
           • Papillary urothelial cacinoma (high grade)
         • SCC
         • Adenocarcinoma
         • Embryonal Rhabdomyosarcoma
     • Staging (TNM)
       • T refers to the tumor size
       • N refers to whether lymph nodes are affected
       • M refers to metastases
     • Causes
       • Smoking
       • Exposure to chemicals
       • Past radiation exposure
       • Parasitic infections
       • Gender
       • Previous chemotherapy
       • Diabetes type 2
       • Personal or family history of cancer
     • Risk factors
       • Urothelial carcinoma
         • Naphthylamine - Azo dyes - Long term cyclophosphamide\ phenacetin
       • Squamous cell carcinoma
         • Chronic cystitis - Schistosoma hematobium - Long standing nephrolithiasis
           • Schistosomiasis (Bilharzia)
             • Trematode
             • - Schistosoma haematobium - Schistosoma mansoni - Schistosoma japonicum
             • Life cycle
       • Adenocarcinoma
         • Urachal remenant - Cystitis glanularis - Bladder exstrophy
     • Hematuria
       • Diagnosis
         • History
         • Physical examination
         • Investigations
           • Laboratory
             • Urine
             • Blood
           • Radiology
           • Biopsy
     • Treatment
       • Chemotherapy
       • Immunotherapy
       • Surgery
         • Transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT)
         • Cystectomy
           • Partial
           • Radical
             • Urostomy
             • Continent urinary diversion
             • Neobladder

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