Introduction to locomotion

Introduction to locomotion

1. Location

   • Dorsal/Ventral
   • Cranial/Caudal
   • Dorsal/Palmar - manus Plantar - pes
     • carpus/tarsus/digits
   • Lateral/Medial
   • Axial/Abaxial
   • Deep/Superficial
   • Distal/Proximal
   • External/Internal

2. Movement

   • Flexion/extension
   • Abduction/adduction
   • Pronation/supination
   • External/internal rotation
   • Circumduction
   • Translation
   • Valgus
   • Varus
   • Luxation

3. Levers

   • Reduced force => reduced speed
   • Type 1 - see-saw
   • Type 2 - wheelbarrow
   • Type 3 - golf
   • Lever = bone fulcrum = joint load = bodyweight force/eff = muscle

4. Muscles

   • Origin - less mobile attachment, typically proximal
   • Insertion - mobile, distal
   • Larger muscles = greater strength. More force propel forward than swing leg forward.
   • Cross sectional area proportional to strength

5. Planes

   • Median/Paramedian (sagittal) - divide half
   • Transverse - right angle long axis.
   • Dorsal - divides into dorsal and ventral (dorsal and palmar/plantar limb)