Ahmed has tremors

Ahmed has tremors

1. Anatomy of Basal Ganglia

2. Physiology of Basal Ganglia

3. Parkinsonism

   • Is a clinical “syndrome”, NOT a disease
     • Clinical Features
   • Include
     • Parkinson Disease
       • Definition
         • Degenerative loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra of the basal ganglia
       • Risk factors
         • Estrogen
         • Family History
         • male
         • Old age
       • Pathology of Parkinsion
         • PALLOR of the SUBSTANTIA NIGRA
         • LEWY BODIES (alpha-synuclein protein)
       • Signs & symptoms
         • Tremors
       • Investigation
       • Management
       • Prognosis
         • A period of 2 to 3 years when treatment with dopaminergic agents results in resolution of symptoms.
           • After 5 years of levodopa treatment, motor complications develop.
             • Eventually, after a number of years, the emergence of symptoms such as freezing, falling, and dementia, which do not respond to levodopa, cause significant disability.
       • Causes
         • Genetic causes such as lack of GSTTT1 and the presence of LRRK2
         • Environmental factors like Pesticides (paraquat)
     • drug-induced parkinsonism
       • where symptoms develop after taking certain medications, such as some types of antipsychotic medication, and usually improve once the medication is stopped
     • progressive brain conditions
       • progressive supranuclear palsy
       • multiple systems atrophy
       • corticobasal degeneration
     • cerebrovascular disease
       • where a series of small strokes cause several parts of the brain to die

4. Health seeking

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