Non-words

Non-words

1. It is possible for a linguistic item to be a basic building block of a syntax. The item is clearly not itself a sentence or a phrase and yet to have a meaning that is predictable.

   • E.g. when they say “you need to pay close attention” they know that the word pay is not about money but it has to do about being very attentive.

2. Idioms

   • Idioms is a group of words (phrases) established by usage as having a meaning not deductible from those of the individual words
     • Verb = Kicked the bucket (died) Noun = Dark horse ( competitor whose strenght is unknown.) Expresion = rain cats and dogs. (raining a lot)
   • Proverbs
     • . A proverb is a traditional saying, syntactically a sentence, whose conventional interpretation differes from what it is suggested by the literal meaning of words it contains.
       • Eg; It is not use crying over spilt milk

3. A word and its parts

   • Morphemes
     • Bound Morphemes
       • Affixes
         • They are morphemes that can be added to the front middle or end of the word.
           • Prefixes
             • like pre, re, dis or un go to the beginning of the word. They can be found in English and spanish.
           • Suffixes
             • like an, ize, al or ly go to the end of the word. Also found in English and Spanish
         • Infixes
           • for other languages go in the middle of the word. Infixes are relatively rare in English, but you can find them in the plural forms of some words.
             • E.g, cupsful, spoonsful, and passersby
         • Circunfixes
           • go at the biggining or the end of a word. Circumfixes are common in Malayan and Georgian languages. For example, the circumfix ke⟩ ...⟨ an can be added to the root adil "fair/just" to form keadilan = "fairness/justice
             • Combining forms
               • Combining forms are similar to prefixes, and are sometimes known as ‘chameleon prefixes’, because they act like them and appear at the beginning of words like them, BUT the combining form is intrinsic to the word, meaning it is a part of the word and cannot be removed.
                 • Complex words
                   • Complex words typically consist of a root morpheme and one or more affixes. The root constitutes the core of the word and carries the major component of its meaning.
                     • For example, the affix -er is a bound morpheme that combines with a verb such as teach, giving a noun with the meaning 'one who teaches.'
                 • Simple words
                   • Morphologically simple words, which contain only a single root morpheme, may be compared to morphologically complex words which contain at least one free morpheme and any number of bound morphemes
                     • 'desire' may be defined as a root morpheme constituting a single word.
                 • Allomorphs
                   • In linguistics, an allomorph is a variant form of a morpheme, that is, when “a unit of meaning varies in sound without changing the meaning”.
                     • as /d/ in verbs whose stem ends with voiced phonemes other than /d/, such as 'buzzed' /bʌzd/ loved /ləv/
                       • Bound roots
                         • A bound root is a bound morpheme which acts more like as a root than an affix
                           • per-ceive re-ceive con-ceive de-ceive
                         • A word and its forms
                           • Inflexional affixes
                             • In grammar, inflection is the modification of a word to express different grammatical categories such as tense, case, voice, aspect, person, number, gender, and mood.
                               • declension.” (in the grammar of Latin, Greek, and other languages, the variation of the form of a noun, pronoun, or adjective, by which its grammatical case, number, and gender are identified)
                             • In English all the inflexional affixes are “suffixes” that when added to the end of the word do not change the meaning or at least not drastically. They change the person, tense, number of a word. There are a total of 9 in English.
                               • E.g. She loves hockey - the third person singular present -s
                           • The inflexion of verbs
                             • A Stem
                               • “only ocurrs in the inflexional morphology” for example in untouchables, the stem is untouchable. In “wheelchairs” the stem is wheelchair even do it has two roots.
                             • A root
                               • It is the basic part always present in a lexeme. For example in untouchable is touch. In “wheelchair” there are two roots.
                             • A lexeme
                               • is often-but not always- an individual word (a simple lexeme or dictionary word, as it's sometimes called) a single dictionary word (for example, talk) may have a number of inflectional forms or grammatical variants (in this example, talks, talked, talking).
                             • A multiword or composite lexeme
                               • It olexeme is a lexeme made up of more than one orthographic word, such as a phrasal verb (e.g., speak up; pull through), an open compound (fire engine; couch potato), or an idiom (throw in the towel; give up the ghost).
         • Simulfix
           • replaces one or more phonemes in the root. Ex: Man + plural = Men, Tooth becomes Teeth, Eat becomes Ate.
         • Suprafix
           • Overlap on one or more syllables in the root as a supra-segmental. Ex: stress in the words: “produce”, noun and “pro'duce”, verb
       • They are other morphemes that are not dependent by themselves.
     • Free Morphemes
       • such as girl, fish, tree and love are considered “Open class content words”
       • Function words such as the, in, for or it are morphemes that fulfill a function in the sentence and are called “Close class function words”.