History American West GCSE kings school

Plains Indians
1. Beliefs and way of life
  1. WakanTanka
    1. "The great spirit"
      1. They had to serve him
      2. All creatures have his spirit so must be shown respect
      3. After life called the "Happy hunting ground"
      4. Could contact him through:
        Dance
        Involved lots of self-harm
        "Sun dance"
        Entirely voluntary
        Lots of torture
        Pierced themselves
        In July
        Could last for days
        Lead by the "Medicine man"
        Did it to try and contact the "Great spirit"
        Songs
        Pipes
        Every man had a medicine bag to help bim contact the great spirit
2. Changes in life to 1851
  1. Indian removal act
    1. 1830
    2. Jackson
    3. East to west
    4. 15000 died
    5. 46000 moved
    6. 1500 km
  2. Bureau for Indian affairs
    1. 1832
    2. War department
    3. Manage relatonship
  3. Trade and intercourse act
    1. 1834
    2. inviolable agreement
      1. Great plains to indins
    3. 95th meridian is the permanent indian frontier
    4. Whites didn't want the Great American desert
    5. No selling guns or alcohol
    6. Policed
  4. Whites interest in the land
    1. 40's- Oregon Trail
    2. '49- Gold in California
  5. PI's Annoyed with whites
    1. 1850
      1. 55,000 wagons trespassed indian lands
        Killed Buffalo
    2. Fouled the water holes
    3. denuded pasturage
    4. Spread diseases
    5. Broke the permanent indian frontier
  6. The indian appropriations act
    1. 1851
      1. Funds for reservations
      2. PI threat to expansion
      3. PI threat to economy
      4. PI had different laws
      5. needed protection
  7. Fort Laramie
    1. Planning
      1. Fitzpatrick told PI's
      2. Bribed them with gifts
    2. Whites details
      1. Admitted immigrants were reducing Buffalo
      2. Admitted cattle were eating grass
      3. Gave $50,000 of food and animals
    3. PI details
      1. September 1851
      2. All the northern tribes
      3. 10,000 different PI's
      4. Granted right of passage to whites
      5. Allowed forts
      6. Stopped tribal wars
      7. Allowed whites to:
        build rail roads
        Survey for rail roads
        Cross the trails
    4. Problems
      1. Sioux couldn't:
        Stop fighting
        Stop movement
        Be spoken for by a chief
        Whites didn't pay money
3. Little crows war
  1. Little crow:
    1. Chief of a band of Dakota Sioux
    2. 1851- moved to 2 small reservations
      1. 150 miles long
      2. 10 miles wide
    3. Gave up 24000000 acres
    4. Paid to keep peaceful and farm
  2. Economic problems
    1. Dakota sioux had debts
    2. PI's not given money until they paid off debts, but it was impossible
  3. Farming problems
    1. Land was hard to farm
    2. The PI's left the reservation to hunt
      1. Not given supplies as a punishment
  4. Management problems
    1. Agency tricked Sioux and raised the food prices
    2. When the Sioux had almost starved they were given almost inedible food
  5. Sioux retaliation
    1. Warrior brotherhoods raided agency storehouses
  6. Mounting tensions
    1. 1861 crop failed
    2. June 1862
      1. Government promised food but didn't deliver
    3. Local traders did not let them buy food on credit
    4. August 1862, all 12000 Sioux were starving
  7. Action from Little Crow
    1. Attacked the Agency that ran the reservation
      1. Stole food and burned buildings
        Killed 600 officers, women, and children
  8. Action from Whites
    1. Troops arrived
      1. Colonel Sibley rounded up 2000 Sioux
        Sentenced 307 to death
        Lincoln commuted many of the sentences
        Only 38 ringleaders were hung
  9. Future of the Dakota Sioux
    1. Little Crow fled but was shot by a hunter
    2. Sioux fled back to the reservation
      1. Moved to smaller harder reservations
4. Sand creek massacre
  1. Problems for plains indians
    1. Gold in Colorado mountains 1858
      1. 50,000 migrated across in 1859
        Used up all the grass and scared the Buffalo
        Broke Fort Laramie treaty of 1851
        Prospectors wanted to get rid of Indians
        1861, Colorado became an official white American territory
  2. Treaty of Fort Lyon
    1. 1861
    2. Tribal chiefs met e.g. Black Kettle moved to a small reservation
  3. Dog soldiers, Went on a warpath through mining camps and coaches
  4. Chivington
    1. Ex civil-war
      1. Aim to kill and destroy Indians
        Massaccre
        November 1864
        700 soldiers
        Killed 100 sleeping Indians
        Washington condemned Chivington, Couldn't send troops because of civil war
        Little Arkansas Treaty of 1865- offered larger reservation and payments for survivors
        When the civil war ended they stopped the treaty
        Medicine lodge treaty
        1867
        given half the land and no compensation
    2. Consequences for Plains Indians
      1. Dog soldiers felt vindicated and so increased attacks

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