Solutions and Solubility

Solutions and Solubility

1. CALCULATIONS

   • How to Calculate Concentration
     • C = quantity of solute (L) / quantity of solution (L)
       • Calculated in mol/L
         • For very low concentrations it is instead calculated in ppm (parts per nmillion) or ppb (parts per billion)
     • Molar Concentration
       • C = Amount of solute in moles / volume (L)
         • Calculated in mol/L

2. KEY CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS

   • Miscable
     • Liquids that mix in all proportions and have no maximum concentration
   • Immiscible
     • Liquids that separate into distinct layers instead of mixing
   • Solubility
     • The property of a solute, the concentration of a saturated solution of a solute in a solvent of a specific temperature or pressure
     • Low solubility
       • A max concentration at SATP of less than 0.1 mol/L
     • Insoluble
       • Having a negligible solubility at SATP
     • High Solubility
       • A max concentration at SATP greater than or equal to 0.1 mol/L
   • Intermolecular Forces
     • An attraction between molecules
     • Types of these forces
       • London dispersion
         • An attractive force betwwen all molecules (polar and non-polar)
       • Dipole Dipole
         • The attraction between the ends of oppositly charged polar molecules
       • Hydrogen Bonding
         • A strong dipole - dipole force between a positive hydrogen atom and a highly electronegative atom such as F, O or N within a molecule
   • Solution
     • Types of Solutions
       • supersaturated
         • A solution that contains more of the dissolved material that could be dissolved by the solvent under normal circumstances
       • saturated
         • Containing the greatest possible number of hydrogen atoms and so having no carbon - carbon double or triple bonds
       • unsaturated
         • Having carbon-carbon double or triple bonds therefore not containing the greatest amount of hydrogen bonds possible
     • A homogeneous mixture containing on solute and solvent
     • Properties of Solutions
       • Electrolyte
         • A compound that in an aqueous solution conducts electricity
       • Non- Electrolyte
         • A compound that in an aqueous solution does not conduct electricity
   • Solute
     • A substance dissolved in a solvent
   • Solvent
     • the medium in which a solute is dissolved in
   • Concentration
     • Dilute
       • Having a relatively small quantity of solute per unit volume of a solution
     • Concentrated
       • Having a relatively large quantity of solute per unit volume of a solution
     • The quantity of a given solute in a solution
   • Dissociation
     • The seperation of ions that occurs when an ionic compund dissolves in water
   • Intramolecular Forces
     • A specific attraction within a molecule
   • Types of States
     • STP
       • Standard temperture and pressure (0 degrees celcius and 1 atm
     • SATP
       • Standard ambient temperature and pressure (25 degrees celcuos and 100 KPa
   • Precipitate
     • A solid formed by chemical reaction or a change in solubility