FATIMAH’S SOFT BONES

FATIMAH’S SOFT BONES

1. Anatomy of the hip

   • Bones
   • Muscles
   • Femoral triangle
     • Important for angioplasty and hemorrhage block
   • Blood supply
   • nerves

2. Osteoporosis

   • Types
     • Primary
       • Age related
     • Secondary
       • Presence of other diseases that affect the bones
   • Signs & Symptoms
     • Bone pain
       • Joint pain
         • Stooping & height loss
     • Low energy fracture
   • Causes
     • Deficiency in
       • Calcium
         • Estrogen
           • Vitamin D
   • Diagnosis
     • Investigations
       • CBC
         • X-ray
           • Random blood glucose
             • Serum electrolytes
               • Thyroid hormone test
                 • complete hormone test
     • Differential diagnosis
       • OA
       • RA
   • Complications
     • Depression
       • Femoral neck fracture
         • Vertebral compression fracture
     • Colles' fracture
   • Management
     • Pharmacological
       • Denosumab
         • Calcitonin
           • Teraparatide
             • Bisphosphonates
               • Estrogen receptor modulators
                 • Supplements
                   • Estrogen
     • nonpharmacological
       • Physiotherapy
       • Hydrotherapy
       • Ultrasound therapy

3. Fractures

   • Hip fracture
     • Clinical presentation
       • Anterior dislocation
         • leg abducted and externally rotated and the knee is flexed
       • Posterior Dislocation
         • Shortened, internally rotated, adducted lower limb, knee in slight flexion.
       • Hip fracture
         • Shortened leg with external rotation
     • Physical examination
       • Look
         • Feel
           • Move
   • Surgical intervention
     • Arthroplasty
       • surgery performed to relieve pain and restore range of motion by realigning or reconstructing a dysfunctional joint Purpose

4. Diabetes

   • diabetes mellitus either, types 1 or 2, have an increased risk of osteoporosis. Because, sustained hyperglycemia may affect bone through enhanced the expression of proinflammatory cytokines such as TNFα, which reduces osteoblast differentiation, osteoblast activity and increases osteoblast apoptosis Also, Diabetes mellitus (DM) can increase osteoclast function leading to accelerated bone loss.

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