Language Fundamentals

Language Fundamentals

1. Encoding Sets

   • ASCII
     • consists of 128 characters
       • traditionally used in English speaking countries
         • Later extended to 128 more characters including German characters
   • unicode
     • includes all characters of all languages
       • endorses 3 types of character encodings
         • UTF-8
         • UTF-16
         • UTF-32

2. Primitives

   • 8 Primitives
     • Byte, Short, int, long, float, double
       • Represent numbers
     • char, boolean
       • Represent characters

3. Variables

   • data placeholders
     • reference types
     • primitive types

4. Constants

   • variables whose values cannot be changed
     • names are all uppercase

5. Literals

   • Primitive literals
     • Integral
       • may be written in decimal, hexadecimal, or octal form
         • Used to assign values to variables of types byte, short, int, and long
     • Floating point
       • a whole number part
         • a decimal point
           • a fractional part
             • an optional component
     • Character
       • escape sequence enclosed in single quotes
     • Boolean
       • two values
         • True
         • False
   • String literals
   • Null literals

6. Separators

   • Parantheses
     • Braces Brackets
       • Angle Brackets
         • Semicolon
           • Colon
             • Coma
               • Period