Going global - 2

Going global - 2

1. The Costa living

   • 1 million British people live in spain
     • own 600,000 properties
       • 60% migrants over the age of 45
         • - retirees
           • - people in 30s+40s who have set up businesses
             • - people who have moved as property speculators - still have business links with UK
   • Pull Factors
     • Mediterranean climate + perceived relaxed lifestyle
       • Lower property prices than UK + lower taxes for ex-pats - still receive UK pension
         • Utility bills 50-60% of UK prices
           • lower crime rate + less 'youth culture'
     • Distance between spain and UK has 'shrunk'
       • rise of low cost airline e.g. Easyjet
         • Long term road building programmes in spain
           • internet - business + family communication with UK are much easier
   • issues
     • for retirees - lack of care, healthcare costs can mount
       • retirement communities are isolate and designed for people in good health not those becoming frail
         • rampant coastal development has detracted for natural beauty of landscape - major issue with water supply as urbanisation exceeds available resources
           • many spaniards feel new arrivals fail to integrate + live in ex-pat enclaves + have little economic impact other than to inflate property prices

2. UK policy on Immigration

   • Key elements
     • tough policy on asylum seekers - only genuine applicant - numbers are falling
       • points based systems - favours skills, education, earning potential
         • WRS allow migrants from some eastern european EU states to move to uk to fill low-skill, low-wage employment gaps
           • permanent residence granted after a few years - to become a citizen must pass 'life in the UK' test
             • UK business visas - favours those with money, ideas and encourage investment in the UK
   • 2005/6 - 2.75 million applicants
     • 57% more than in 2001/2
       • 20% refused due to forged documents
         • new dominance of developing world applications e.g.Mumbai, Lagos
   • Points based system - 2008 - non EU immigrants
     • Tier 1 - highly skilled individuals
       • Tier 2 - skilled migrants with a job offer to fill gaps in UK labour force
         • Tier 3 - limited number of low-skilled workers to fill specific temporary labour shortages
           • Tier 4 - students
             • Tier 5 - youth mobility + temporary workers allowed in for a limited period of time

3. Rural-urban migration - cities

   • Mexico city 1995-2000 - in-migrants 521,000 + out-migration slightly exceeded this (1.4% growth rater per year - internal growth)
     • come from poor farming states close to + south of Mexico city
       • young women (av. 22) escaping rural poverty + seeking low skill domestic work
         • migrants are better educated than the population - 8-9 years of school vs av. 7.6
           • large out-migration - sprawling to urban fringes + manufacturing centre (Mexicali) US border + tourist centre Cancun

4. Urban water supply - Dhaka, Bangladesh

   • DSK (bangladeshi NGO) works with WaterAid in the slums of Dhaka
     • water + sanitation are poor, 90% have no security of tenure + no 'official' water connection
       • Many slum dwellers buy water at inflated prices from people who are connected to the water supply
         • DSK persuades DWASA water company to connect the poor to the water network
           • 1996-1999 - 6,000 households connected via 40 simple water pumps - $26,000
             • communities run the pumps - elected pump monitor who collects payment and pays water company
               • Households pay $1 a month
                 • Water costs are dramatically lower once pumps are connected + company makes money

5. Two-speed India

   • 2040 - second largest economy
     • attractive site for TNCs to set up factories, offices + call centres
       • Indian entrepreneurs make globalisation work to their advantage, own companies establishing bases in other countries - boosting nations GDP e.g. India firm Tata brough Corus (leading UK steel manufacturer
         • Gap between rich+poor has widened
           • 1.1billion population - 1/3 live in absolute poverty
             • 375 million live in urban slums / poor, isolated rural regions
               • agricultural / factory workers - $1 a day
                 • yet home to 32 billionaires
                   • Dharavi slum (Mumbai) - poorest people in Asia - 600,000 people in 1 square mile
                     • indian outhories want to remove slum - social + economic modernisation (land worth billions to developers)
                       • slum dwellers unlikely to be rehoused
                         • India's urban population growing rapidly due to in-migration from rural-areas
   • life expectancy - 1945 (37) - 2005 (62.9)