Unit 1- Geography

Unit 1- Geography

1. World at Risk

   • Hazards
     • Types of Hazards
       • Geophysical
         • caused by earth processes
         • Tectonics
           • Volcanoes
           • Earthquakes
           • Tsunami
         • geomorphological
           • Landslides
       • Hydro-meteorological
         • caused by weather patterns and water
         • floods
         • hurricanes
         • drought
     • Disasters
       • when hazards meet a vulnerable population
       • number of disasters reported has increased due to improving media links
       • amount of people affected is rising due to the large, growing global population
       • Disaster risk formula
         • Hazard x Vulnerability ============== capacity
     • a natural event or process which affects people
     • floods and windstorms are increasing
       • warming of the earth causes warm air to rise, creating convection cells- form hurricanes
       • rising temperatures increase evaporation, leads to increasing rainfall- greater flooding
     • Boxing Day tsunami, 2004
       • 289 601 killed and missing
       • caused by an earthquake between 9.0 and 9.3 on the Richter scale
       • 17 metre high waves- Sri Lanka
       • removal of mangroves from coastal areas increased the damage
     • Hazard Hotspots
       • Philippines
         • major plate boundary
           • Philippines & Eurasian
           • Destructive plate boundary
         • N&E coastlines face the Pacific ocean- most tsunami-prone ocean
         • Lies in South-East Asia's typhoon belt
         • Landslides are common in the mountainous inland areas
         • Mount Pinatubo
       • California
         • San Andreas Fault
         • conservative plate boundary
           • Pacific & North American
         • Earthquake threats
   • Global Warming & Climate Change
     • The Greenhouse effect
       • natural
       • Enhanced greenhouse effect.
         • increase in the natural effect, caused by human activities which increase the amount of greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere
       • Greenhouse gases
         • Carbon Dioxide
           • major greenhouse gas
           • given off when carbon-based fuels are burned
           • fossil fuels increase CO2 by 25%
         • Nitrous Oxide
           • N2O released by fertilisers, fossil fuels and synthetic chemicals
           • traps infrared radiation in the atmosphere- destroys the Ozone and allows ultraviolet rays in
         • Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
           • absorb solar radiation
           • thinning Ozone layer caused by CFCs
         • Ozone
           • disperses ultraviolet rays
         • Methane
           • effective in retaining heat
           • caused by rice production, burning plants and coal mining
           • COW FARTS
     • impact on oceans
       • changing salinity
         • Thermohaline circulation
           • the flow of warm and cold water that circulates around the world's oceans
       • increasing river flow
       • Changes in polar oceans
     • The Arctic
       • impacts on environment
         • tree line moving N
         • tundra ecosystems lost
         • changes in the food chain
         • more forest fires
         • positive ice albedo feedback
     • Mitigation
       • meant to delay, reduce or prevent climate change
     • Adaptation
       • meant to reduce the existing impacts of global warming
     • IPCC 2007 scenarios
       • A1- a converging world.
         • Rapid economic growth. Population increases to 9 billion by 2050, then decreases. GNP is 26 times that of 2007
           • A1a- technology based on fossil fuels
           • A1b- technology based on non-fossil fuels sources
           • A1c- technology balanced across all energy resources
       • A2- a divided world
         • Reduced globalisation- countries becoming more independent and keener to preserves their identities. Global population increases and fertility rates slowly fall. Economic growth is regional, and differences in global wealth remain
       • B1- a converging world
         • Reduced differences in global wealth. Population rises to 9 billion by 2050, then decreases steadily. Global economy changes to be based on services and information. More efficient technologies used. More forest in 2100 than in 1900.
       • B2- global social, economic, and environmental sustainability
         • Global society trying to achieve progress at local levels, through small-scale development. Global population increases more slowly than in A2. Lower economic growth, slower and more diverse changes in technology.
     • The Tipping Point
       • a point beyond which the Earth can recover from the effects of Carbon emissions.
     • The Stern Report, 2006
       • Review of global warming. Focuses on the impacts of global warming and actions that needed to be taken to deal with them. Argued that issues could be reduced if greenhouse gases were stabilisied by 2025.
       • Key Features of the Review
         • Environmental
           • Increased global flood risk
           • Declining crop yields- particularly in AFRICA
           • Rising sea levels
           • Extinction of 40% of the Earth's species
         • Economic
           • Increased hazard damage could reduce global GDP
           • Reduced global economic output by 3%
           • 10% of global output could be lost.

2. Going Global

   • Megacities
     • cities with populations of over 10 million
     • Mega Mumbai
       • World's largest shanty town- Dharavi
       • 17 million population
       • experiencing Hyper-urbanisation.
         • increase in urban population is happening so rapidly that the city cannot cope with the needs of the people
       • Aiming to be the next Shanghai
       • 60% of population live in poverty
       • 80% of Mumbai's waste is recycled in Dharavi
         • Employs over 10 000 people
       • Vision Mumbai
         • $2.3 billion project
         • work began in 2004.
         • increase housing to reduce the number of people in slums
         • Upgrade infastructure
         • Boost economic growth
         • make governance more efficient
         • improve transport links
           • widen roads
         • promote NGO sponsership
         • creating new jobs
   • Globalisation
     • How companies grow
       • Expansion
       • Merger or takeover
       • Diversifying
     • Disney
       • Major TNC
       • 230 linked satellite and cable companies
       • 6 film and TV production companies
       • 12 publishing companies, and 15 magazines and newspapers
       • 728 shops worldwide.
       • 5 record labels and music publishing
       • 2 theatre production companies
       • 5 theme parks and resorts. And a cruise line
       • Sports franchises and teams
       • multimedia- CDs and games
       • property and human resources agencies
     • the process by which people, their cultures, money, goods, and information can be transferred between countries with few or no barriers
     • Took off in the 1970s.
     • Impacts of globalisation
       • On finance
         • Global capitalism is spread by large TNCs with greater turnover than the GDP of many developing countries
         • Trillions of dollars are exchanged electronically every day
         • Worldwide reduction in consumer prices
       • On politics
         • TNCs influence how people vote and think about issues
           • 2015- BBC avoiding broadcasting protests on election results- shows Conservative views?
         • Expansion of international political organisations
         • Loss of national identity.
       • On culture
         • Tourism transporting people to far-flung locations
         • Inexpensive connections
         • "Global Village"
         • Loss of individuality
           • Americanisation
       • On people
         • Skills in management, finance and IT are in demand
         • Migrant labour is flowing to areas of higher wages and better standards of living
   • Colonialisation
     • Modernisation Theory
       • the means by which the world would become more economically uniform, using Western investment aimed at reducing poverty
     • Population and the global labour force
       • rapid decline in death rates and increased life expectancy
       • Inoculations, vaccinations and improved water supplies and diets, reducing infant mortality
       • birth rates falling more slowly than death rates
       • growing young populations in China and India, provides a large labour force
       • Children seen as economic assets.
         • 120 million children are in the workforce in the developing world
   • Global differences
     • North/South Divide
       • North- Developed core.
         • 25% of population
         • 80% of income
         • Life expectancy- + 75
         • Well fed
         • Highly educated
         • 90% of manufacturing output
         • 95% of global spending on Research and Development
         • 95% of patent ownership
         • controls finance and trade
       • South- develping periphery
         • 75% of population
         • 20% of income
         • Life expectancy- +65
         • 20% malnurished
         • -50% educated
         • 10% of manufacturing output
         • limited spending on Research and Development
         • dependent on the North
         • dependent on loans and aid for development
   • Measuring development
     • GNP
     • GDP
     • PPP
     • HDI
     • Physical Quality of Life Index
     • Human Suffering Index
   • Global Groupings
     • Trading Blocs
       • countries which group together to improve their economic interests and trade patterns
       • Blocs protect their members using subsidies, and encourage trade within the bloc, rather than with outsiders. They prevent the development of a global economy.
     • WTO
     • OECD
     • OPEC
     • G8
     • G20
     • World Bank
     • IMF
   • Migration
     • Host nations
       • where migrants move to
       • Impacts on hosts
         • Voluntary migrations are usually flows of labour
         • Fill labour gaps
         • attract brightest workers
         • balances aging populations
           • UK
     • Source nations
       • where migrants move from
       • Impacts on sources
         • large remittances
         • brain drain
           • Cornwall's Brain Drain
         • some labour is low-skilled, low-paid and seasonal
   • Populations
     • Factors that affect population
       • Inputs
         • Births
           • Social/cultural factors
           • Economic factors
           • Political factors
           • Demographic factor
         • Immigration
           • Economic Factors
           • Environmental factos
           • Political factors
           • cultural/social factors
       • Outputs
         • Emmigration
         • Deaths
           • Environmental factors
           • Political factors
           • Economic factors
           • Demographic factors
           • Social/cultural factors
     • The UK's aging population
       • Increased spending by the wealthy retired
       • A decline the the size of the workforce
       • Smaller class sizes in schools
       • need to integrate economic migrants into society
       • Housing must be adapted to suit the needs of the ederly

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