Referencing Styles

Referencing Styles

1. In text name styles

   • These styles involves citing
     • The name(s) of author(s) or organization(s) in the text with the year of publication (or page number for MLA style)
   • Names of referencing styes
     • Name–date (Harvard)
     • APA
       • American Psychological Association
     • MLA
       • Modern Language Association of America
     • MHRA
       • Modern Humanities Research Association
     • Chicago (Turabian)
     • Council of Science Editors (CSE)
   • Pros and cons of this style
     • PROS
       • Most useful when all sources are printed, and these have one or more designated authors
       • Easy to follow the chronological progress of a particular debate
       • Easy to add or subtract in-text citations and references
       • Relatively easy to learn; easy to teach
       • Familiar: recognizable from many book and journal articles
       • No distraction from the text to look at footnotes or endnotes.
     • CONS
       • Less useful when citing and referencing sources without authors and/or dates, and particularly Internet references
       • Can be awkward for citing television, radio and other audio-visual sources
       • In-text citations are normally counted in assignments on most degree courses, as the student takes ‘ownership’ of evidence cited.
       • Long-winded for citing secondary sources

2. Consecutive Numbering

   • This style uses superscript numbers in the text that connect with references in:
     • footnotes
     • endnotes
   • This system uses a different and consecutive number for each reference in the text
   • Names of referencing styes
     • British Standard (running notes)
     • MHRA
     • Chicago (Turabian)
     • Oxford: Oscola
   • Pros and cons of this style
     • PROS
       • There is a long tradition of using footnotes in essays,
         • gives a dignified presence to their appearance in essays }
         • and imparts an air of authority,
       • It can be used for both authorial notes and to cite sources
     • CONS
       • It can be awkward for a student to format last-minute additions and changes,
       • Students also need to take care when placing numbers in the text, to ensure it is clear to the reader what source is referred to

3. Recurrent numbering

   • This style uses bracketed numbers in the text
     • connected with a list of references at the end of the chapter
   • Names of referencing styes
     • British Standard (numeric)
     • Vancouver
     • IEEE
     • Council of Science Editors (CSE)