Robotics

Robotics

1. History

   • Early beginnings
     • Automata
       • Chinese artisans created machines with autonomous functions
       • A greek mathematician idealized a mechanical bird
       • Leonardo Da Vinci designed a moving armor
       • Wolfgang von Kempelen creates an automatic chess playing machine
   • 1900-1949
     • The first interpretation of a cyborg is created in the form of the Tin Man from The Wizard of Oz in 1900
     • The term "robot" is coined by Czech Karel Čapek in 1921. It eventually replaces the word "automaton"
     • In the 1930s, the first industrial robots were put into production in the United States
     • Isaac Asimov formulates in the early 1940s the Three Laws of Robotics and coins the word "Robotics"
   • 1950-1990
     • The first digitally controlled and programmable industrial robot is invented in 1954
     • A robotic arm designed to help handicapped patiens is created by the Rancho Los Amigos Hospital and later bought by the Stanford University
     • In the late 1960s early 1970s, Robotics started to be implemented into weapons for better control and precision to be used in the Vietnam War
     • Robotic arms continued to be upgraded to perform human movements as close as possible, each time with smaller components and better efficiency
     • In 1994, one of the most succesful surgeries performed with robotic assistance was cleared by the FDA in the United States. This is a breakthrough for more medical interventions performed by robots
     • Sojourner was a space rover on a mission to Mars sent on July 4th, 1997. It lasted 10 times more than it was originally planned, so it provided a lot of information about the planet
   • 2000s-Present
     • Self-driving cars and robotic vacuum cleaners became more common
     • Robots with humanoid appearance are designed to help astronauts in the International Space Station
     • Robotic components have become smaller and smaller, reaching the point where now it is possible to fabricate a considerable amount of nanorobots that have a lot of potential, like in the medical field
     • Industrial robots can now perform tasks that would be too dangerous for humans with the same skill and less costs

2. Types of robots

   • Mobile
     • Can move around their environment, usually controlled.
     • Multiple uses (industrial, comercial, security, etc.)
   • Industrial
     • Mostly consist of jointed arms with a tool at the end
     • Multipurpose
   • Service
     • Designed to help humans with simple tasks
   • Educational
     • Utilized to teach young kids early robotics
   • Modular
     • Robots that can change their function easily
     • Versatile
   • Collaborative
     • Robots that safely execute industrial task while in the presence of humans

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