REFERENCE

REFERENCE

1. ability to "pick out" things external to ourselves, exclusive from human language

   • demonstrative, indexical, singular definite, proper name
     • referents introduced by indefinite and explicit terms, continued with definite and inexplicit

2. definiteness: S's assumption that H will be able to identify a single, specific entity referred

3. explicitness: presentation of information enabling H to identify referent

4. types

   • anaphoric
     • looks backwards
   • bridging
     • indirectly backwards, kind of inferred anaphoric reference
   • cataphoric
     • looks forwards
   • esphoric
     • looks forward within same nominal group: which one?
   • homophoric
     • looks out to shared cultural knowledge
   • esphoric
     • looks out to the situation, from lang to outside tex (six senses)

5. deixis: reference pointing to entities outside the text, shifting according to when, where, etc; ways in which lang encode features of the context of utt or speech events

   • person deixis
     • encode roles of participants: 1st, 2nd, 3rd
   • place deixis
     • encoding spatial location of participants. proximal/distal
   • time deixis
     • encoding temporal points and spans to time at which utt is spoken (coding time) diff from receiving time
   • discourse deixis
     • expressions used to refer to portion of discourse "that is the biggest lie". Discourse deictics: pragmatic markers (however, besides) used in utt initial position.
   • social deixis
     • encode social identities of participants: honorifics, tu/usted
   • deictic center organized egocentrically
   • gestural deixis
     • gestures help us to identify referents since deictics are semantically deficients
   • symbolic deixis
     • used when speaking directly to someone, no gesture needed

6. non-deictic usage: a generic, not specific use of the pronoun "In this country you never know what to expect"