Map for the exam

Map for the exam

1. Historical conclusions

   • Muslims fit into the larger pattern of American racial exclusion, on which the justices' record is not good. In Ozawa v. United States in 1922, the court, citing the Naturalization Act of 1906, refused a Japanese-born man citizenship on the grounds that he was not white. The next year, in the Thind decision, the court effectively stripped Indian-Americans of citizenship. Bhagat Singh Thind had argued from a scientific viewpoint Indians and Caucasians were of the same race; the court chose what it called a "common-sense" definition of whiteness.
     • The decision said the president could target a group of people based on a defining characteristic and imprison them for national security reasons. The objectives of this literature review have been to explore the meanings attaching to the concept of social exclusion and to start to consider their implications for policy in general and for the work of the WHO Commission in particular.
       • Social cohesion is a central political and cultural concern in France. Its origins can be traced back to the eighteenth century Enlightenment, which emphasised solidarity and the idea of the state as the embodiment of the will of the nation. More recent historic events, including the traumatic end to France’s colonial history and the political and social turmoil of the May 1968 uprising, reinforced this French concern with the role of the state in promoting social cohesion, or in the language of René Lenoir in preventing or reversing exclusion.
         • Example
       • Facts

2. Factors of exclusion

   • Social exclusion is what can happen when people or areas suffer from a combination of linked problems such as unemployment, poor skills, low incomes, poor housing, high crime, poor health and family breakdown.
     • Social exclusion is a multidimensional phenomenon not limited to material deprivation; poverty is an important dimension of exclusion, albeit only one dimension.• Measuring social exclusion is challenging due to its multidimensional nature and the lack of standard data sources across countries and for all social groups at highest risk of being left behind.
       • Factors
     • This mean

3. Economic exclusion

   • Economic exclusion is a multidimensional process in which particular groups are prevented from participating fully and equally in the economic life of their city or metropolitan area. It occurs when people experience acute economic disadvantage over an extended time and results in an inability to improve one’s economic circumstances or enable one’s children to escape them.
     • This is about...
     • Economic exclusion differs from income or wealth inequalities, which can result from and are symptoms of exclusion. Communities of color, immigrants and refugees, and women are particularly affected by exclusion.
       • This affect...

4. Social exclusion

   • Social exclusion is a complex and multi-dimensional process. It involves the lack or denial of resources, rights, goods and services, and the inability to participate in the normal relationships and activities, available to the majority of people in a society, whether in economic, social, cultural or political arenas.
     • Depends on the prior understanding of the causal relationship between domains and there is potential complexity in interactions between these domains. With the present state of knowledge and data available, it is not known how the domains interact and it is risky to identify which of the domains have greater or lesser importance.

5. Gender discrimination

   • We are all influenced by gender. Gender norms (or rules) tell us what is appropriate for girls and for boys, women and men to do in our society. Because of gender stereotypes, girls and women are often less valued and have lower social status.
     • Girls and women suffer most of the negative impact of rigid gender norms and roles - they are more likely to experience restrictions of their freedom and mobility, they experience epidemic levels of violence and harassment across the globe and have fewer opportunities to choose how to live their lives. Denying people the freedom to choose their path in life because of their gender prevents them from fulfilling their full potential.
     • The change

6. Political exclusion

   • The social and political exclusion of minorities and marginalized groups creates the potential for conflict. A minority is a group of people sharing an ethnic, cultural, religious and/or linguistic identity that is distinct from that of the majority of the population. One of the main characteristics of minorities is that they are usually in a non-dominant position. The term minority may also refer to groups of the population that are marginalized by their political affiliation, their sexual orientation or even their physical capacities.
     • The exclusion of a minority or marginalized group from political processes often creates a context characterized by strong incentives for violence. In addition, the characteristics associated with these groups, be it ethnicity, religious beliefs, language, age, geographical location or sexual preferences, have often been used to further stigmatize and alienate them before, during and after elections. The mobilization of ethnic hatred by political elites is an all-too frequent example in this respect.
       • Peace and freedom
       • Iguality

7. Cultural and linguistic exclusion

   • Languages, in their plurality, enrich our experience of the world and our creative potential. Multilingualism opens up new ways of being and of doing, it connects us with others and provides a window into the diversity of our societies.
     • Idea
     • On the one hand, multilingualism is associated with mobility, productivity and knowledge creation.On the other, monolingualism,is still perceived as both the norm and the ideal for an allegedly well-functioning society. Linguistic diversity is seen as both suspicious and costly.

8. The ideal country (Utopia)

   • They think that the contemplation of nature, and the praise thereof coming, is to God a very acceptable honour. More also emphasises that Utopia is a land of hard-working families: idleness they utterly forsake and eschew, thinking felicity after this life to be gotten and obtained by busy labours and good exercise.
     • En Utopía, hay una clase de jefes, llamados Syphograuntes, que buscan a los holgazanes tímidos en el trabajo. You see how it is – wherever you are, you always have to work. There’s never any excuse for idleness. There are also no wine-taverns, no ale-houses, no brothels, no opportunities for seduction, no secret meeting-places. Everyone has his eye on you, so you’re practically forced to get on with your job, and make proper use of your spare time.
       • Factors
     • Why

9. Human Rights

   • Human rights are the basic rights and freedoms that belong to every person in the world, from birth until death.
     • These basic rights are based on shared values like dignity, fairness, equality, respect and independence. These values are defined and protected by law.
       • Explanation
       • How can they help us?
         • Your right to have and express your own opinions . Your right to an education your right to a private and family life. Your right not to be mistreated or wrongly punished by the state.

10. Interculturality and Multiculturality

    • While multiculturalism focuses on a national level questioning the national identity, interculturalism emphases the local level because of the geographical and physical proximity among groups that facilitate dialogue and exchanges.
      • Differences
      • The greatest challenge to the current debate on multiculturalism and interculturalism as a set of policies is the power of transnationalism. Transnationalism, however, has been developed as an experience of migrants and minorities, settled in different national societies interacting with each other beyond borders.
        • Oppositive

11. Competitive economical development

    • The concepts of competition and its derivatives, competitiveness and competitive advantage featureas highly on the current development agendas and policy debates of developing countries as they doin that of the developed world. business scholars about competitive advantage and the term competitiveness in used by both campsbut each uses these notions in very different ways. The common ground between these differentapproaches appears to be barren yet each perspective is indispensable for reaching an understandingthat cuts to the heart of the questions that define the problem of development.
      • It isa device, therefore, for the augmentation of knowledge and capability. If an economy is to develop itmust be transformed from within, and to achieve this requires that its people be transformed, thatthey come to know things in relation to production, organisation and consumption that they currently .
    • The position we take is that the problems of competitiveness and economic development are isomorphic by virtue of being examples of the phenomenon of economic evolution. Economic evolution is a theory of how the world changes or rather how it changes in such an uneven fashion. We review ideas on the history of the concept of competition and go on to develop an evolutionary approach to competition and competitive advantage. We then review a number of important contributions to the development literature including those associated with the idea of innovation and technology policy.
      • We conclude that competition is central to the development process but that competition is a process not a state of affairs. Consequently competition policy is not reducible to a simpleminded concern with the exploitation of market power, rather in its fundamentals it is a matter of the creativity of an economic system.

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