Argumentation

Argumentation

1. Arguing is a reason giving

   • When people speak to one another or with an audience
     • They make statements that they believe and want others to believe it
       • Justifications or support fot claims

2. The study of effective reasoning

3. LOGIC

   • Our concern with form and structures of reasoning
   • Informal logic
     • describes reasoning patterns that lack the certainty of mathematics

4. DIALECTIC

   • Our concern with deliberation
   • The grand sweep of opposing historical forces
   • Process of discovering and testing knowledge through questions and answers

5. How argumentation is ethical

   • Limitation on freedom of choice
   • But argumentation does not influence people against their will

6. People maintain what they think

7. RHETORIC

   • Our concern with the audience
   • Negative connotations
     • Insincerity
     • Vacuity
     • Bombast
     • Ornamentation
   • How messages influence people
     • The development and communication of knowledge between speakers and listeners
   • Was seen as a means of instruction
   • The study of preaching
   • René Descartes
     • Method of systematic doubt
   • Modern dogmas
     • Dogma of scientism
     • Dogma of irrationalism

8. Conditions of uncertainty

9. Controversies

   • Explicit
     • Recognized by the participants
   • Implicit
     • Recognized by an analyst
   • Unmixed
     • Only one arguer maintains a position
   • Mixed
     • Multiple arguers do so
   • Single
     • Relating only to one claim
   • Multiple
     • Relating to more tan one claim

10. FORMAL

    • Deductive in nature
    • The conclusion follows necessarily from the premises
      • Contains no information that is not already present in the premises
    • Analytic
    • Syllogism
      • Rejecting one option always implies accepting the other

11. INFORMAL

    • Model for everyday argumentation
      • The conclusion contains new information nor present in the premises

12. People argue

    • Controversy or disagreement
    • Nontrivial
    • Desired by each
    • "How do you know?"
    • "What do you mean?"

13. Claims

    • Statements to accept
      • Claim if fact
      • Claim of definition
      • Claim of value
      • Claim of policy
      • Resolutions

14. Complex

    • Multiple claims

15. Issue

    • Resolution

16. Choices

    • How to arrange arguments and evidence
    • Audience-specific
      • Creativity
      • Constraint
    • Topoi "Stock issues"
      • Resolutions of fact
      • Resolutions of definition
      • Resolutions of value

17. Strong enough

18. PATTERNS

    • Chronological order
      • Method of residues
    • Spatial order
      • Categorical organization
      • Cause-effect or problem-solution
    • Comparisons or contrasts

19. Stasis "a point of rest"

    • Defines the focal point of a dispute
      • Enables
      • Permits
      • Helps
    • Conjecture
    • Definition
    • Quality
    • Place