My hands are aching

My hands are aching

1. Anatomy of the hand

   • Bones
     • 8 carpals
     • 5 metacarpals
     • 14 phalanges
   • Muscles
     • 20 Muscles
       • 1st layer
         • flexor pollicus brevis
         • Abductor pollicus brevis
       • 2st layer
         • Opponens pollicus
         • Opponens digiti minimi
         • Adductor pollicus
       • 3rd layer
         • 4 Lumbricals
       • 4th layer
         • 4 palmar interossei
         • 4 dorsal interossei
       • Palmaris brevis
   • Joints
     • Wrist joint
       • Synovial,plane
         • Articular surface
           • Radius
           • Scaphoid and Lunate
       • 4 ligaments
         • Palmar radiocarpal
         • Dorsal radiocarpal
         • Ulnar collateral
         • Radial collateral
     • MCP , PIP , DIP
     • Carpometacarpal

2. Carpal tunnel syndrome

   • Carpal tunnel
     • A narrow passageway located on the palmar part of the wrist is the carpal tunnel
     • Contains 9 tendons + median nerve
   • Common mononeuropathy caused by compression of Median nerve within tunnel
   • Complications
     • Atrophy of the thenar muscles

3. Synovial fluid

   • Synovial fluid “joint fluid” is the thick liquid that lubricates your joints and keeps them moving smoothly
   • Contents
     • Mainly water
     • Lubricin
     • Inorganic salts & macromolecules
   • Functions
     • Lubrication , Nourishment and Defense and removing debris

4. Autoimmune diseases

   • Diseases in which our immune cells lose self-tolerance and start attacking our own cells
   • 6 mechanisms to lose self tolerance
     • By-stander T-cell activation
     • Molecular mimicry
     • Polyclonal lymphocyte activation
     • Altered self
     • Sequestered antigens
     • Cryptic epitopes

5. Rheumatoid arthritis

   • Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease that can cause joint pain, inflammation, and damage throughout your body
   • Signs

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