Citation and references

Citation and references

1. Reasons for using citations

   • It is necessary to give the credits to the people's ideas and pieces of work.
   • To avoid plagiarism.
     • Accidental plagiarism occurs when:
       • A paraphrase is "poor"
       • A quotation is "poor"
       • Citations are inaccurate
     • Intentional plagiarism:
       • Pre-written papers
       • Copying directly (without quote or citation)
       • Having someone else do the work
     • Academic punishments may include failure of an assignment or expulsion from the institution.
   • It is "the practice of taking someone else's work or ideas and passing them off as one's own= Merriam Webster Dictionary).

2. Example of direct citation

   • David Copperfield starts with "Whether I shall turn out to be the hero of my own life, or whether that station will be held by anybody else, these pages must show" (Dickens, 1869, p.1)

3. Example of indirect citation

   • Smith (2010) recognized that more online learning opportunities are needed to reach marginalized high school students and decrease the dropout rate.

4. Examples of narrative citation

   • Smith (2010) recognized that more online learning opportunities are needed to reach marginalized high school students and decrease the dropout rate.
   • Smith (2010) stressed, "The importantce of dedicated study time for online courses is crucial for student success” (p. 3).
   • In his TEDX Talk video, Mulvey (2013) said, “Time is too long. Space is too large” (6:18).

5. Examples of parenthetical citation

   • Online learning opportunities are needed to reach marginalized high school students and decrease the dropout rate (Smith, 2010).
   • Many researchers have agreed: “Online education is a viable way to help working adults earn a college degree, but it is not for everyone” (Smith, 2010, p. 4).