thinking and intelligence

thinking and intelligence

1. Thinking : mental manipulation of representations of information we encounter in our environments

   • 2 internal representations
     • analogical - mental representations that have some of the physical characteristics of objects
     • symbolic- abstract mental representations that consist of words and ideas.

2. mental maps- Mental maps are a way of looking at objective information and developing opinions and impressions. Mental maps lead to errors because you can represent only a limited range of knowledge. It causes people to think incorrectly. It is the way to consider how the map is viewed and to choose how to utilize information to make important decisions about situations by looking at all the parts that are part of it.

   • 3 ways of thinking:
     • Reasoning is when using information to determine if a conclusion is valid.
     • Decision making is to select between options.
     • Problem solving is to overcome obstacles in all situations.

3. Intelligence: ability to use knowledge to reason, make decisions, make sense of events, solve problems, understand complex ideas, learn quickly, and adapt to environment challenge.

   • Intelligence quotient (IQ): a mathematical measure intelligence (originally computed by dividing a child's estimated mental age by the child's chronological age, then multiplying this number by 100).
     • Alfred Binet: launched the approach of accessing intelligence by using the intelligence quotient.
   • General intelligence: 1904, used statistical methods to investigate scores on the various types of questions in intelligence tests. *The theory that one common factor underlies intelligence. This factor tends to yield higher IQ scores. An example is when you have a high IQ score and it reveals that you have high general intelligence.
   • Multiple intelligence: Many intelligences are not measurable by IQ tests. These intelligences include musical, bodily- kinesthetic, linguistic, mathematical/ logical, spatial, interpersonal, and intrapersonal. One example is "You can play any tune on your guitar after hearing it once. You probably high in musical intelligence." Another is "You show high intrapersonal intelligence when you create a study plan based o your study habits."
   • Fluid and crystalized intelligence: General intelligence is made up of fluid and crystalized intelligence. Fluid intelligence is thinking quickly and flexibly in novel, complex situations. Crystalized intelligence is knowledge from experience that is used to solve problems. An example is "you show fluid intelligence when you quickly and calmly think of another way to present you data after your laptop dies. Another example is "your strong crystalized intelligence helps you know the answers to crossword puzzles."

4. Triarchic theory: 3 aspects intelligence= analytical intelligence, emotional intelligence, measuring intelligence

   • Skills in solving problems and creating puzzles. Creative intelligence is the ability to think in new interesting ways. Practical intelligence is skill in dealing with everyday tasks. And example is "you show strong analytical intelligence by playing chess strategically. Another example is "you show creative intelligence b being able to survive anywhere on just a few dollars. Another example is "you maybe low in practical intelligence if you constantly lose your car keys."
   • Measuring intelligence: 1900's, Binet and Simon pioneered measurement of intelligence. *Psychometric tests include achievement tests, aptitude tests, and intelligence tests- standard tests. And example is SAT for college applications.
     • Achievement tests: designed to test a person's knowledge and skills (ACT & SAT)
     • Aptitude tests: designed to test a person's ability to learn for a person's future performance.
     • Intelligence tests: standard tests that are administered and scored objectively.
   • Emotional Intelligence is skills in managing emotions and recognizing them in other people.. An example is "when you feel yourself getting angry with your boss, you take a walk to clam down. You are likely have high emotional intelligence..

5. 3 Heuristics: Availability, Representativeness, and Affective

   • Availability: tendency to make decision based on information that comes to mind.
   • Representativeness: tendency to place people or objects in a category if they are similar to the concept that is the prototype.
   • Affective: goes by how you feel to make your decision and refers to emotions.