Muscular system Revision

Muscular system Revision

1. Short term effects of exercise

   • Muscle fatigue.
     • Tiredness.
     • Can become painful.
   • Produce carbon dioxide through respiration.
   • Increase in temperature.
   • Can produce a build up in lactic acid.
   • Use more oxygen.

2. Long term effects of exercise

   • Increase in size and density.
     • Hypertrophy
   • Increase in strength.
   • More capillaries in muscles.
   • Greater resistance to fatigue.
   • Increase in flexibility around the joint.
   • Involuntary muscles become stronger
     • Stronger heart for better circulation

3. Effects on performance

   • More capillaries
     • Enables better endurance
       • Good for long distance runners.
   • Hypertrophy
     • Good for rugby players to break a tackle
     • Bad for ballet dancers
       • Doesn't fit what they should look like
   • Increase in flexibility
     • Good for dancers
   • Stronger heart
     • Sustain intense exercise for longer

4. 3 types of muscles

   • Involuntary
     • smooth, organ muscles.
       • Never stop working
   • Voluntary
     • Muscles found in the body and the joints
   • Cardiac
     • Only found in heart.
       • Another type of involuntary
         • They aren't consciously moving.

5. Major muscles

   • Trapesius
     • Rotates shoulder
   • Deltoid
     • Abducts upper arm
   • Latissimus dorsi
     • Rotates upper arm
   • abdominals
     • Flexion at hip
   • Bicep
     • Flexion at arm
   • Tricep
     • Extension of arm
   • Quadriceps
     • Extension of knee.
   • Hamstrings
     • Flexion of leg at knee
   • Gastrocnemius
     • Flexion of foot
   • Pectorals
     • Adducts the arm
   • Gluteus Maximus
     • Extension of upper leg

6. Muscle Fibres

   • Slow Twitch
     • Are deep red, contract slowly and work for long periods of time.
       • 60% slow 40% fast in average person
   • Fast Twitch
     • Light red, powerful but tire easily and contract quickly.

7. Functions

   • Generate heat
   • Blood circulation
   • Good posture
   • Movement
   • Glycogen storage
   • Protection

8. Muscle tone and posture

   • When muscles are in a continuous state of tension
   • Needed to stay upright
   • Helps good posture
   • Requires energy
   • How we hold our body whilst still or in movement.

9. Antagonistic pairs

   • Muscles work in pair against each other
   • One muscle contracts whilst the other relaxes.
   • The agonist is the prime mover
     • The antagonist is the relaxed muscle.

10. Muscle contractions

    • Isontonic
      • Muscles change length whilst working.
      • Tonic water- bubbles move****
      • Eg. Running
    • Isometric
      • Muscle contract but the body is still
      • Eg. hand stand