MY HANDS ARE ACHING

MY HANDS ARE ACHING

1. Joints in the hand

   • Ulna is separated from the wrist by the articular disc

2. Muscles of the hand

   • Intrinsic
     • Thenar
       • Opponens pollicis
       • Flexor pollicis brevis
       • Abductor pollicis brevis
     • Hypothenar
       • Opponens digiti minimi
       • Flexor digiti minimi
       • Abductor digiti minimi
     • Lumbricals
     • Interossei
       • Dorsal interossei
       • Palmar interossei
   • Extrinsic
     • derived from the forearm

3. Palmar arches

   • Radial artery
     • posterolateral aspect of the forearm
   • Ulnar artery
     • anteromedial aspect of the forearm
   • The 2 arteries anastomose forming 2 arches

4. Causes for the inability to hold objects

   • Sensory processing disorder
   • Motor: Ataxia
   • Articular: Rheumatoid arthritis

5. Flexor retinaculum

   • a strong band which bridges over the carpal groove, turning it into Carpal tunnel
   • protects nine of the forearm flexor tendons and median nerve as they pass through the carpal tunnel
   • Hypoesthesia is partial or total loss of sensation in a part of your body.

6. Fibrous flexor sheath

   • Present on the anterior surface of each finger, from the head of the metacarpal to the base of the distal phalanx.

7. Extensor expansion

   • triangular aponeuroses by which the extensor tendons insert onto the phalanges
   • Formed from the extensor digitorum muscle

8. Rheumatoid arthritis

   • Chronic inflammation of the joints; autoimmune disease
   • Stages
   • Tests & investigations
     • Xray
     • Blood test
     • Immunological tests
   • Signs and symptoms
     • Stiffness
     • Swelling
     • Pain
     • Warmth
   • Treatment
     • DMARDs
     • NSAIDs
     • Glucocorticoids
   • Mechanism

9. Autoimmune disease

   • An overactive immune response of the body against substances and tissues normally present in the body
   • Cause: loss of self tolerance
     • Bystander T cell activation
     • Molecular mimicry
     • Polyclonal lymphocyte activation
     • Altered self
     • Release of sequestered antigens
     • Availability of cryptic epitopes

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