Internal (rural - urban migration)

Internal (rural - urban migration)

1. India

   • Reasons for migration
     • Longer working hours
     • Poor living and working conditions
     • Social isolation
     • Poor access to basic amenities
   • Impact on area they moved out
     • Decreased unemplyment
     • Decreased working population
     • Less pressure on schools
   • Impact on area they moved in
     • At destination, migrant labour affects markets, lowering the cost of labour.
     • Increased congection
     • Pressure on schools and hospitals
     • Increased unemplyment
     • More pressure on schools, hospitals etc.
     • Increased crime
   • Effect on migrants
     • Most migrant labourers in India are employed in the unorganised sector, where the lack of regulation compounds their vulnerability; they are largely ignored by government and NGO programmes
     • The state sees migrants as a low priority; and migrant workers have little support from civil society
     • Locals don’t accept outsiders as their own
     • The majority of them engaged in menial jobs and living in sub-standard conditions.
     • Lack of formal residency rights
     • Extreme vulnerability of women and children to trafficking and sex exploitation

2. Mongolia

   • Reasons for migration: more and more people look for a better life
     • Poor economy in the regions they moved from
     • Most area is Inaccessible, about 80% of the country lies above 1000 metres
     • The capital city, Ulaanbaatar, is the most developed and easy accessible (40% of population lives there)
     • During the years of a Soviet urban-industrial areas were established (Darkhan and Erdenet).
     • The building of railways: thousands of people were attracted to newly established towns along rail routes.
     • After the collapse of the Soviet Union part of the industrial sector (and the agricultural collectives disappeared, so people moved back to rural areas.
     • The availability of employment and accommodation and the cost of the latter are the prime causal factors in
     • Extreme weather conditions
     • Unemployment
     • Moving closer to relatives.
     • Better access to markets,
     • Better schooling
   • Impact on area they moved in
     • When more people looked to herding for a living, it caused serious problem of overgrazig
     • As the built-up area has expanded due to increased population, Ulaanbaatar green area has shrunk.
     • The ger districts of capistal city uffer from a high level of pollution
     • Sanitation and services are poor in the ger districts.
   • Effect on migrants
     • most migrants seek shelter, as they lack the finances to rent or buy in Russell Illustration the formal housing sector.
     • Rising levels of pollution have had a serious impact on the health of the population
       • The among children under five years of age is two to three times higher in Ulaanbaatar than in rural areas.
     • As a result of the increase in pupil numbers, some urban schools have had to organise classes in three shifts to cope.
   • Impact on area they moved out
     • The privatisation of livestock led to the low productivity of the herding sector, offering a poor economic quality of life.
     • Rural schools also suffer from a lack of qualified teachers, many of whom prefer to work in urban areas with access to a much wider range of services.
     • Less pollution

3. Brazil

   • Reasons for migration
     • Low paid agricultural jobs
     • Lack of services (schools, hospitals, water supply, electricity)
     • Loss of land
     • Poor quality housing
     • Better entertainment in urban regions
   • Impact on area they moved out (rural area)
     • Reduces unemployment rate
     • Reduces overcrowding in schools and hospitals
     • Remittances maybe sent back to families
     • Reduced pressure on limited electricity and water supply
     • Increases dependency ratio, because young and old are often left behind.
     • There maybe a shortage of workers, especially during the harvest season
     • Families may become separated as young adults migrate.
   • Effect on migrants
     • End up living in informal settlements and working for very low pay in dirty, dangerous jobs
     • Migrants may become better educated and reduce birth rates and population growth.
   • Impact on area they moved in (urbal area)
     • New workers that can fill low paid jobs like factory and construction work
     • The government has better control over the population if they leave in urban areas. They may join the formal economy and pay taxes
     • It is easier for the government to provide services like schools and hospitals
     • Increased congestion
       • Higher unemployment
     • Increased pollution, especially water and air because of traffic and waste
     • Pressure on schools and hospitals
     • Causes urban sprawl as informal housing is built
     • Higher unemployment
     • Possible crime and certainly growth in informal economy as people don't have jobs