Chemistry years 9 + 10

Chemistry years 9 + 10

1. YEAR 10

2. YEAR 9

   • ATOMS,ELEMENTS AND COMPOUNDS.
     • Atom: its the smallest indivisible (can't divide) particle.
     • Element: something thats made up of one kind of atom.
     • Compound: when different kinds of atoms are put together.
     • Mixture: different compounds put together but not connected / touching / do not react together.
     • The nucleus of an atom is made of protons and neutrons.
     • The atomic number (or proton number)of an element is equal to the number of protons in the nucleus of its atoms
       • eg: fluorine - atomic number: 9 - mass number: 19
         • number of protons = atomic number =9 number of electrons = number of protons = 9 number of neutrons = 19 - 9 = 10
     • The mass number is the sum of the protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom.
   • LIMESTONE
     • used to make Calcium Oxide and Cement.
       • make Concrete by mixing sand, aggregate, and water.
     • Calcium Carbonate (CaCO30 decomposes when heated to make Calcium Oxide (CaO) and Carbon Dioxide (CO2) : Thermal Decomposition
       • equation : CaCO3 -> CaO + CO2
     • LIMESTONE CYCLE
   • REACTIONS OF CARBONATES
     • Metal + Non-Metal = ion
       • metal atoms lose one or more electrons to form positively charged ions. Non-Metal atoms gain electrons to form negatively charged ions.
     • All Metal Carbonates decompose to the Metal Oxide and Carbon dioxide when they are heated strongly enough .
     • Carbon Hydroxide solution is called Limewater.
       • Limewater turns cloudy when it reacts with carbon dioxide to produce insoluble calcium carbonate.
   • AIR POLLUTION
     • PARTICULATES
       • cause: Burning fossil fuels and wood. particulates vary in composition and size. effects: fine particulates can get into lungs causing breathing difficulties. They make cars and buildings dirty.
     • CARBON MONOXIDE
       • Cause: incomplete combustion of fossil fuels. This can happen in faulty gas appliances and road traffic. Effect: Carbon Monoxide is very dangerous because it decreases the ability of the blood to carry oxygen. If untreated, this can lead to death.
     • SULFUR DIOXIDE
       • Cause: power stations burning fossil fuels containing sulfur. Effects: Sulfur Dioxide is an acidic gas that can combine with water vapour in the atmosphere to cause rain. Breathing Sulfur Dioxide can cause respiratory proble
   • Properties and uses of Alloys
     • in a pure metal the atoms are stocked in layers and when a force is applied the layers slide easily.
     • in an alloy there are different sized atoms in the structure and when a force is applied, the layers can't move easily because of the different sized atoms blocking and jamming up the structure.
     • bolts and hinges aren't made from pure brass and copper because they are too soft on their own . Copper has to be mixed with other metals in order to be strong enough.
     • properties of a metal: shiny, good electrical conductor
   • EXTRACTING METALS
     • rock that contains enough of a metal or a metal compound to make it worth extracting the metal is called an ORE.

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