Soft Bone

Soft Bone

1. anatomy of hib bone

   • bones
     • ilium
     • pubis
     • ischium
   • articulations
     • Sacroiliac joint
     • Pubic symphysis
     • Hip joint
       • The hip joint is a ball-and-socket synovial joint: the ball is the femoral head, and the socket is the acetabulum
       • Primary function primary function of the hip joint is to bear weight. strong and stable It joins the lower limb to the pelvic girdle
       • Ligaments
         • Iliofemoral ligament
         • Pubofemoral ligament
         • Ischiofemoral ligament
         • ligament of head of femur
         • Transverse acetabular ligament
       • hib joint fracture
         • intracapsular
         • Intertrochanteric
         • Subtrochanteric
   • muscles
     • Superficial abductors and extenders
       • gluteus maximus
       • Gluteus Medius
       • Gluteus Minimus
       • Tensor Fascia Lata
     • Deep lateral rotators
       • Piriformis
       • obturator internus
       • The Gemelli – Superior and Inferior
       • Quadratus Femoris
       • obturator externus
   • nerve
     • sacral plexus
       • from forth and fifth lumbar ventral rami and S12,3,4
         • sciatic nerve
           • L4,L5,S1,S2,S3
           • consist of two separate nerve,common peroneal nerve and tibial nerve
           • largest nerve in the body
         • Superior gluteal
         • Inferior gluteal
         • Posterior cutaneous femoral
         • • Piriformis
         • • Obturator internus
         • • Quadratus femoris
         • Common fibular
         • Tibial nerve
         • Pudendal
         • Coccygeal
   • arteries
     • abdominal aorta
       • left and right common iliac artery
         • internal iliac artery
           • anterior
           • posterior
         • external iliac artery
           • inferior epigastric
           • deep circumflex iliac
           • pubic branch

2. osteoporosis

   • Risk factors:
     • sex,age,race,dietary calcium,hormonal levels,steroid drugs..etc
   • silent symptoms
   • treatment
     • pharmacological:including Bisphosphonates, Raloxifene, Calcitonin ,Denosumab, Teriparatide
     • non-pharma.: including physiotherapy,arthroplasty
   • diagnosis:including history,examination (inspection ,palpation, movement and special tests),labratory tests ,density test and screening

3. Physiology of bone

   • 1-Calcitonin:. The main action of calcitonin is on the bone. It increases deposition of calcium and phosphate in the bone and lowers levels in the blood,
   • 2-Parathyroid hormone (PTH), produced by the parathyroid glands, causes the blood calcium level to increase.
   • 3-Growth hormone,Gonadal hormones,Vitamin D