Communication

Communication

1. Interpersonal Communication

   • Factors
     • Communicator: the ones that sends the message
     • Receiver: the person accepting the message
       • Reflective listening enables the listener to understand the communicator´s meaning, reduce perceptual distortions and overcome interpersonal barriers
       • The receiver uses eye and affirming contact, paraphrasing, clarifying the implicit and reflecting, to show attentiveness and to be able to understand the message
     • Perceptual Screen: window that allows interaction.
     • Message: thoughts that the communicator is attempting to evoke
       • The conceptual and emotional component of a message is affected by verbal and non-verbal communication
       • Data: unanalyzed elements of a message
       • Information: analysed data that has a meaning
     • Language: words used to understand a message
     • Medium: how messages are conveyed through
       • Face to face
       • Telephone
       • Mail
       • Letter
   • Communication between two or more people in an organisation. It is reflective, objective and perceptual

2. Meaning

   • Evoking a shared or common meaning in another person

3. One-way communication

   • Message is sent, no feedback,questions or interaction follows

4. Two-way communication

   • Interactive form of communication

5. Skills to being and effective manager

   • Expressiveness: Express ideas thoughts and feelings openly, accepting opinions in return
   • Empathic listeners: hear emotional dimensions. Managers are approachable.
   • Sensitive to feelings, self-image and psychological defenses
   • Persuasiveness: exercise power and influence to encourage results earnestly
   • Informative: keep the employees well informed

6. Barriers: factors that distort, disrupt and halt communication

   • Can be broken using gateways such as sensitivity, development of awareness, avoiding technical terms among others
   • Types of barriers
     • Gender differences
       • Difference between men and women
     • Cultural diversity
       • Culture influence values and patterns of behavior that create problems between different cultures, creates stereotypes
     • Language
       • Creates professional boundaries by technical terminology
     • Physical separation
     • Status differences

7. Civility and Incivility

   • Civility: Behavior that respects the integrity and dignity of the individual
   • Incivility: Discourteous communication and rude behavior
     • Consequences
       • Decline in satisfaction
       • Others display incivility as well
       • Create barriers between people
       • Depression

8. Defensive and Non-diffencive communication

   • Defensive: Messages that are aggressive, malevolent, passive, or withdrawn
     • Defensive tactics
       • Power Plays
       • Labeling
       • Disseminating information
       • Hostility
   • Non-defensive: Messages that are assertive, direct and powerful

9. Non-verbal Communication

   • All elements of communication that do not involve words or languages such as gestures and use of space
     • Types
       • Proxemics: Study of perception, comfort zones and use of space
       • Kinesics: Study of body movement and posture
       • Facial and Eye Behavior: Used to study intentions, clues and truthfulness
       • Paralanguage: Consists on tone, tempo, duration and pitch of speech

10. Positive, Healthy Communication

    • The absence of healthy communications leads to a communication disease that creates loneliness and social isolation
    • Needed to work in teams
    • Exemplified by trust, truthfulness, core values, beliefs , ethics, personal integrity, openness and simplicity

11. Communication through Technology and Social Media

    • Pros
      • Technologies such as cellphones, mail, Facebook, Twitter, and Youtube among others, allow fast access to information, render geographic boundaries and times zones are irrelevant.
    • Cons
      • Lack of personal interaction, non-verbal cues, social context alteration