Movement

Movement

1. Microscopic Structure of Bone

   • Each skeletal muscle is considered a separate organ, and it is composed of thousands of cells called muscle fibers.
     • Parts:
       • Connective tissue, epimysium, perimysium and endomysium.
     • Microscopic Anatomy:
       • sarcolemma, sarcoplasm, sarcoplasmic, reticulum and Calcium ions
   • Immovable joints that are held together by fibrous tissue, such as the sutures between the cranial bones found in the skull
   • •matrix •osteoblasts •Collagen fibers •osteoclasts

2. Types of Bone Cells

   • Muscle fibers are stimulated to contract by motor neurons.
     • Cycle:
       • ATP hydrolysis, Attachment of myosin, Power stroke and Detachment of myosin from actin
   • Freely movable joints, and the two bones are separated by a cavity. Ligaments hold the two bones in place and form a capsule. Tendons also help stabilize the joint. The joint capsule is lined by a synovial membrane, which produces synovial fluid that keeps the joint lubricated
   • •Osteogenic cells •Osteoblasts •Osteocytes •Osteoclasts

3. Point of contact between two bones, between bones and cartilage, or between bone and teeth. When one bone articulates with another, the bones form a joint.

   • •Cartilaginous
     • Connected by hyaline cartilage, as in costal cartilages that join the ribs to the sternum, or by fibrocartilage, as in the intervertebral disks. Cartilaginous joints tend to be slightly movable

4. Bone tissue

   • •mineral homeostasis •blood cell production •triglyceride storage

5. Skeleton

   • • Support, protection and aid in movement

6. Classification of the bones

   • •The axial skeleton is made up of the bones in the midline of the body. •The appendicular skeleton consists of the limbs together with their girdles. •The pectoral or shoulder girdle consists of the scapula and the clavicle. •the pelvic girdle consists of two coxal bones. Each coxal bone has three parts: the ilium, the ischium, and the pubis, which are fused in the adults.

7. Types of bones

   • •upper limb: humerus in the arm and the radius and ulna in the forearm. •lower limb:femur, the tibia and fibula, the seven tarsal bones of the ankle, metatarsal bones of the instep and the bones of the toes.

8. Macroscopic Structure of Bone

   • •diaphysis •epiphyses •metaphyses •articular cartilage •periosteum • medullary cavity •endosteum