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1. ageing

   • A group of processes that starts as soon as maturity reached and continue until death.
     • affected by
       • genes
       • environment
       • health
   • primary
   • secondary
   • Physiology
     • skin
       • epidermis thins
       • number of melanocytes decreases
       • Elastosis
       • less sweat and oil
     • bones & joints
       • lose mineral content
       • shorter
       • stiffer
     • GI system
       • less saliva
       • hypotonicity
       • atrophy of mucosa
     • endocrine
       • smaller pituitary
       • decrease in
         • cortisol
         • aldosterone
         • insulin
         • sex hormones
           • MENOPAUSE
             • decrease estrogen and progesterone
           • ANDROPAUSE
             • gradual decrease in testosterone

2. senescence

   • The process that is characterized by irreversible stop dividing & permanent growth arrest.
     • cellular
       • The phenomenon by which normal diploid cells cease to divide.
     • organismal
       • The aging of whole organisms.
   • not the same as

3. Signs and Symptoms

   • hair
     • color and thickness
   • skin
     • wrinkles
     • pale and thin
   • constipation
   • incontinence

4. Common Diseases

   • Obesity
     • energy imbalance between calories consumed and calories expended
     • can lead to
   • Hypertension
     • damage to the blood vessels over time