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854496
The formation and reactions of alcohols
Descrição
A-Level Chemistry (Organic chemistry) Mapa Mental sobre The formation and reactions of alcohols, criado por Stephen Cole em 10-05-2014.
Sem etiquetas
chemistry
organic chemistry
a-level
Mapa Mental por
Stephen Cole
, atualizado more than 1 year ago
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Criado por
Stephen Cole
aproximadamente 10 anos atrás
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Resumo de Recurso
The formation and reactions of alcohols
Formation from haloalkanes (nucleophilic substitution)
Favoured in aqueous conditions, just above room temp, primary haloalkanes
Lone pair on hydroxide ion attacks electron deficient carbon, replacing halogen
Reagents: haloalkane + hydroxide ion
Dehydration
Elimination to form an alkene
Heated with excess sulfuric acid at 600K
Vapours passed over molten aluminium oxide catalyst
Oxidation
Oxidising agent is orange acidified potassium dichromate(VI)
Reduced to green chromium(III) ions
Primary alcohol
Aldehyde
Carboxylic acid (excess oxidising agent, reflux)
Brick-red solid produced with Fehlng's reagent
Silver formed with Tollens' reagent
Secondary alcohol
Ketone resistant to further oxidation
No change when added to Fehling's or Tollen's
Tertiary alcohols resistant to oxidation
Formation from ethene (hydration)
Mechanism: electrophilic addition
Hydrogen on water attracted to electron-rich double bond
Hydroxide ion attacks resulting carbocation
600K, 6.5mPa, concentrated phosphoric acid catalyst
Temperature compromise between yield and ROR
Pressure compromise between yield and cost
Formation from glucose (fermentation)
Yeast enzyme (zymase)
Aqueous, anaerobic conditions, approx 37 degrees C
Carbon dioxide produced
Glucose comes from sugar beet or sugar cane
Batch process
Hydration of ethene vs. fermentation
Hydration of ethene
100% atom economy (ethanol only product)
Doesn't use up land that could be used for food
Continuous process rather than batch
Purer yield of ethanol
Fermentation of glucose
Much lower temperature and pressure = lower energy costs
Carbon-neutral "bioethanol"
Renewable source
Doesn't involve cracking of hydrocarbons- high cost process
Anexos de mídia
Nucleophilic_substituion_with_OH- (image/jpg)
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