The Coastal Zone

Physical Processes Shaping the Coast
1. Waves
  1. Constructive
    1. Swash>Backwash
  2. Destructive
    1. Backwash>Swash
2. Weathering
  1. Breakdown of landscape.
  2. Physical
    1. Freeze-thaw
3. Mass Movement
  1. Rockfall
  2. Landslide
  3. Mudflow
  4. Rotational slip
4. Marine (sea) Processes
  1. Coastal erosion
    1. Hydraulic action
    2. Corrasion
    3. Abrasion
    4. Solution
    5. Attrition
  2. Transportation
    1. Traction
    2. Saltation
    3. Suspension
    4. Solution
    5. Longshore Drift
      1. Direction of waves
      2. Direction of backwash
  3. Deposition
Distinctive Landforms at the Coast
1. Erosion
  1. Headlands and Bays
  2. Cliffs and wave-cut platforms
  3. Caves, arches, stacks
  4. Case Study
    1. Coastal erosion along the Holderness Coast
      1. Flamborough Head
        Arches, Stacks, Stumps, Wave-cut platform
2. Deposition
  1. Beaches
  2. Spits
  3. Bars
  4. Case Study
    1. Spurn Head Spit, Holderness
Weathering, Mass Movement and Cliff Collapse
1. Case Study
  1. Barton-on-Sea
    1. Cliffs = weak sands and clays
    2. Water builds up in the cliffs
    3. Rotational Slumping occurs
  2. Effects
Managing the Coast
1. Shoreline management plans
  1. Developed for each part of the coast
  2. Decision whether to
    1. Hold the line (defend Coast)
    2. Do nothing
    3. Managed retreat
2. Hard engineering
  1. Sea wall
  2. Groynes
  3. Rock armour
3. Soft engineering
  1. Beach nourishment
  2. Dune regeneration
  3. Marsh creation
Case Study
1. Coastal Management on the Holderness Coast
  1. Bridlington
    1. Resort
    2. Hold the line
      1. Sea wall
      2. Groynes
  2. Mappleton
    1. Hold the line
      1. Large rock groyne
        Sediment built up
    2. Coast road
  3. Great Cowden Farm
    1. Low value farmland
    2. Do nothing
  4. Easington Gas Terminal
    1. Valuable
    2. Hold the line
      1. Rock armour
      2. Revetments
Effects of Rising Sea Level
1. Causes
  1. Global warming
2. 3mm per year
3. Case studies
  1. East Coast and Thames Estuary
    1. Risk of London flooding
      1. Thames Barrier
    2. Essex - low-lying marshes
  2. Maldives
    1. Low-lying islands
    2. Loss of fresh water
    3. Loss of tourism
Habitats of Coastal Environments
1. Case study
  1. Studland nature reserve
    1. Unique sand dune ecosystem
    2. Rare birds (nightjar), insects & wildflowers e.g. marsh gentian
    3. Vulnerable
      1. Large number visitors
        Litter
        Parking
        Fire - cigarettes
    4. Solutions
      1. Marram grass (dunes)
      2. Limit car park spaces
      3. Board walks
      4. Information boards

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	Criado por John Ditchburn quase 10 anos atrás