Acute MI

Acute MI

1. Clinical Manifestations

   • Pain
     • Nausea
   • SNS Response
     • Diaphoresis and vasoconstriction
       • Skin is ashen, clammy, cool to touch.
   • Cardiovascular
     • Initial increase in BP and HR; later decreased BP due to decreased CO.
       • If drop is severe enough, may lead to decreased renal perfusion and urine output.
     • Crackles may be noted in lungs, indicating left ventricular dysfunction. Jugular distension may be observed, indicating right ventricular dysfunction.
     • Auscultation of the heart may reveal abnormal heart sounds, such as S3 and S4.

2. Causes

   • Modifiable Risk Factors
     • Tobacco exposure
     • Inactivity
     • Diet
       • Consuming foods high in fat, sodium, trans fats as well as alcohol increases risk.
     • Diabetes
     • Illegal Drug Use
   • Nonmodifiable Risk Factors
     • Older Age
     • Gender
       • Being male is a risk factor, although postmenopausal women face similar risks.
     • Ethnicity
       • People of African or Asian descent face greater risk.
     • Socioeconomic Status
       • Factors such as poverty, chronic stress, isolation, and depression all contribute to increased risk.
     • Family History

3. Complications

   • Dysrhythmias
   • Heart Failure
   • Cardiogenic Shock
   • Papillary Muscle Dysfunction
   • Ventricular Aneurysm
   • Pericarditis
   • Dressler's Syndrome
   • Depression

4. Diagnostic Studies

   • ECG
     • STEMI
     • NSTEMI
   • Serum Cardiac Markers
     • Creatine Kinase
     • Troponin
   • Coronary Angiography
   • Echocardiogram
   • Stress Test

5. Nursing Interventions

   • Prevention
     • Health Education
     • Influencing the Social Determinants of Health
     • Public Awareness
   • O2 administration
   • CPR
     • Airway
     • Breathing
     • Circulation
     • Disability

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