A mass in the lung

A mass in the lung

1. It causes

   • Coughing blood
     • Also called
       • Hemoptysis
       • hematemesis (GIT)
     • causes
   • Breathlessness
     • Its called
       • Dyspnea
     • Acute
       • Asthma (bronchospasm)
       • Carbon monoxide poisoning
       • Heart failure
       • Low blood pressure
       • Pulmonary embolism
       • Pneumothorax & pneumonia
       • Sudden blood loss
     • Chronic
       • COPD
       • Obesity
       • Lung Cancer
       • Anemia
       • Interstitial lung disease

2. Lung Cancer

   • Classification
     • Grading and staging
       • Grading is
         • Well differentiated
         • undifferentiated
         • poorly differentiated
       • Staging is
         • TNM
           • Size
           • Metastasis
           • Nearby Lymph nodes
   • Risk factors
   • Metastasis
     • Primary breast, Colon, renal cell carcinoma
   • clinical features
     • Digital clubbing , Lambert Eaton syndrome, Cachexic symptoms, chest pain, hemoptysis
   • Treatment
     • non-Small cell carcinoma
       • Surgery and radiotherapy
       • In case of mutations EGFR-ALK...
         • Personalized cancer therapy
           • Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (gifitinib) against EGFR in AC
     • Small cell carcinoma
       • Combination of chemotherapy
         • Etoposide + cisplatin
         • CAV
         • ACE
         • Gemcarbo
   • Diagnosis
     • Physical Examination
       • Tracheal deviation
         • Atelectasis, fibrosis
         • Pneumothorax, effusion
       • Chest Expansion
         • Percussion and auscultation
     • Investigations
       • Sputum cytology
       • Pleural fluid analysis
         • Thoracocentesis
         • Transudate & exudate
       • Biopsy
       • X-ray
       • Estimation of hormones & CEA
       • Bronchoscopy
       • Spirometry
   • Prognosis

3. Anatomy of the Posterior Mediastinum

   • Descending thoracic aorta
   • Esophagus
   • Azygos & hemiazygos veins
   • The two vagi nerves
   • Splanechic nerves
   • Thoracic duct
   • Posterior mediastinal lymph nodes.

4. Pleural Effusion

   • Transudate
     • Hydrothorax
   • Exudate
     • Viral pleuritis
     • Pulmonary Infection
     • Cancer
     • Empyema
   • Hemothorax
     • Ruptured intrathoracic aortic aneurysm
   • Chylothorax
     • Obstruction of the major lymph ducts (Intrathoracic cancer)
   • management
     • Pleural drain
     • Pleurodesis
     • Thoracentesis
     • Tube thoracostomy

5. He is a smoker

   • Nicotine Dependency
     • Signs and symptoms
       • accelerated HR
       • increased BP
     • diagnosis
       • Nicotine Dependency(DSM V)
     • stages of change
     • Pharmacological treatment
       • nicotine patch
       • Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT)

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