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The shoulder

Dana Ali Inglês

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The shoulder

Joints
- is the site of meeting of 2 or more bones together.
  - Types
    - Synovial which are freely mobile
    - Cartilaginous which are subdivided into primary and secondary
    - Fibrous which are The articular surfaces of the bones are connected together by a strong fibrous tissue.
    - According to shape of articulating surface
    - According to articulating bones
      - Simple joint
        Example: Acromioclavicular joint
      - Complex
        Example: knee
      - compund
- of the upper limb
  - Acromioclavicular
    - which is a Synovial, plane
  - Sternoclavicular
    - which is a Double synovial, plane
  - Glenohumeral
    - which is a Synovial , ball & socket
      - and The capsule is reinforced by
        Rotator cuff (sits tendons) glenohumeral ligament coracohumeral ligament Transvers humeral ligaments
  - The scapulo-thoracic join
    - which is a physiological joint
      - movement occurs between the scapula and associated muscles and the thoracic wall
Anatomy
Muscles of the shoulder
- Serratus anterior
- Latissmus dorsi
- Biceps and triceps
- Deltoid
- Trapezius
- Rotator cuff and teres major
- Pectoralis major and minor
Movements of the shoulder
- Flexion
- Extension
- Abduction
- Adduction
- Medial and lateral rotation
Clinical examination of the shoulder
- History taking
- Palpation
  - Range of motion includes active and passive
- Impingement test
  - Includes: Neer and hawkins test
Swimmer's shoulder
- term used to describe an overuse shoulder injury occurring in swimmers.
  - could be irritation of tendons, muscles, ligaments
Management of shoulder injury
- In a shoulder injury, you should avoid any activities that cause increased pain and place a A supportive bandage or shoulder brace
  - Anti-inflammatory medication also may be prescribed to reduce pain and swelling
    - or even surgery