CONTROL ENGINEERING

CONTROL ENGINEERING

1. HISTORICAL REVIEW

   • Fundamental to any control system is the ability to measure the output of the system, and to take corrective action if its value deviates from some desired value. This in turn necessitates a sensing device.
   • Start
     • Steam machine - 1769 James Watt
       • Principle was employed by James Watt, method for controlling the rotation speed of the motor, using a conical pendulum whose angle of inclination was a function of the angular velocity of the shaft.
   • Differential equations
     • maxwell - 1868
       • Developed the differential equations for a governor, linearized on a point of equilibrium and showed that the stability of the system depended on the roots of a characteristic equation with negative real parts.
     • Hurwitz-1875 and Routh-1905
       • Studies for stability of linear systems
     • Lyapunov - 1893
       • Studies for stability of non-linear systems
     • Laplace and Fourier
       • they developed the essential mathematical framework for theoretical analysis
   • frequency response
     • Nyquist - 1932
       • Determine the stability of the system using frequency domain methods
     • Bode -1945
       • most commonly used control system design methodologies.
   • The 1950s
     • gave rise to the formulation of the state-space of differential equations
     • Bellman - 1957
       • develops the dynamic programming method
     • Kalman - 1960
       • developed the idea of an optimal filter (Kalman filter)
   • The 1980s
     • advances in control theory for the robust design of systems with uncertainties in their dynamic characteristics.
   • The 1990s
     • Intelligent control systems

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