The Human Back

The Human Back

1. Muscles of the back

   • Superficial
     • Trapezius
     • Levator scapulae
     • Rhomboid minor
     • Rhomboid major
     • Latissimus dorsi
     • Serratus anterior
     • Serratus posterior
   • Intermediate
     • Respiratory muscles
   • Deep
     • Superficial
       • Spinotransverse Group
         • splenius capitis
         • splenius cervicis
     • Intermediate
       • Sacrospinalis Group
         • erector spinae
           • Iliocostalis
           • longissimus
           • spinalis
     • Deep
       • Transversospinalis Group
         • the semispinalis
         • the multifidus
         • the rotators
   • EMG
     • test for the muscle response
     • shows muscle contraction and relaxation

2. Anatomy of the vertebral column

   • Joints
     • Zygapophyseal joints
     • Atlantooccipital Joint
     • Atlantoaxial joint
   • Ligaments
     • Anterior longitudinal ligament
     • Posterior longitudinal ligament
     • Ligamentum flavum
     • Supraspinouos ligament
     • Interspinous ligament
     • Ligamentum nuchae
   • The vertebras
     • Cervical
     • Thoracic
     • Lumbar
     • Sacrum

3. The intervertebral disc

   • Annulus fibrosus
   • Nucleus pulposus

4. Movements of the spine

   • Flexion (forward bending)
   • Extension (backward bending)
   • Lateral flexion
   • Rotation

5. Degenerative Disc Disease

   • Age related condition
   • Risk factors
     • Mechanical loading
     • Genetic factors
       • Aggrecan gene
       • Polymorphisim
     • Lifestyle factors
       • Aging
       • Smoking
   • Herniation
     • Contained
       • Protrusion
     • Non-contained
       • Prolapse
       • Extrusion

6. Causes of back pain

   • Strain
   • Spondylolisthesis
   • Spondylosis
   • Cauda equina syndrome
   • Spinal stenosis
   • Sciatica
     • caused by injury to sciatic nerve
       • nerve origin
         • L4,L5,S1,S2,S3,S4
       • nerve function
         • Motor
           • muscles of the posterior compartment of the hip
           • The hamstring portion of the adductor magnus
         • Sensory
           • branches
             • tibial nerve
             • Common fibular nerve
       • nerve course
     • pain in the buttock and down the back of the leg
     • bulging or herniated disk pressing on a nervw

7. Anatomy of the spinal cord

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